The Fisher score on the closed simplex

Abstract: We extend classical analytic tools for finite-state statistical models to allow zero probabilities. Using methods from algebraic statistics and information geometry, we develop a framework in which a smooth statistical model could hit the boundary of the simplex, for example, in contingency tables with non-structural zeros. The central object of our approach is the vector bundle whose fibres are the $p$-contrasts associated to each probability distribution $p$. In this framework, Fisher score and other key statistical concepts, such as entropy for one-dimensional statistical models, admit an algebraic representation also on the boundary of the simplex.