Two-dimensional Entanglement-assisted Quantum Quasi-cyclic Low-density Parity-check Codes

Abstract: For any positive integer $g \ge 2$, we derive general conditions for the existence of a $2g$-cycle in the Tanner graph of two-dimensional ($2$-D) classical quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Based on these conditions, we construct a family of $2$-D classical QC-LDPC codes with girth greater than $4$ by stacking $p \times p \times p$ tensors, where $p$ is an odd prime. Furthermore, for composite values of $p$, we propose two additional families of $2$-D classical LDPC codes obtained via similar tensor stacking. In this case, one family achieves girth greater than $4$, while the other attains girth greater than $6$. All the proposed $2$-D classical QC-LDPC codes exhibit an erasure correction capability of at least $p \times p$. Based on the constructed classical $2$-D QC-LDPC codes, we derive two families of $2$-D entanglement-assisted (EA) quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes. The first family of $2$-D EA-QLDPC codes is obtained from a pair of binary $2$-D classical LDPC codes and is designed such that the unassisted part of the Tanner graph of the resulting EA-QLDPC code is free of cycles of length four, while requiring only a single ebit to be shared across the quantum transceiver. The second family is constructed from a single $2$-D classical LDPC code whose Tanner graph is free from $4$-cycles. Moreover, the constructed EA-QLDPC codes inherit an erasure correction capability of $p \times p$, as the underlying classical codes possess the same erasure correction property.