Exact Solvability via the KP Hierarchy for $β=L^2$ Random Matrix Ensembles

Abstract: Random matrix ensembles with Dyson index $β=L^{2}$ describe systems of $M$ charge-$L$ particles interacting logarithmically in the presence of an external potential, yet exact formulas for their physical observables have remained elusive for $L\neq 1,2$. We show that, for $L$ even, $β=L^{2}$ ensembles are governed by the KP hierarchy at finite particle number--paralleling the KP solvability of classical $β=1,2,4$ ensembles. The partition function is a hyperpfaffian $τ$-function satisfying the Hirota bilinear identity, and correlation functions are generated by finite-order differential operators acting on this $τ$-function. The key mechanism is an emergent quantized momentum that stratifies the system into discrete sectors, enforcing momentum conservation as a selection rule. This produces a dramatic dimensional reduction from ${LM\choose L}$ to $O(L^{2}M)$, enabling explicit computation of physical observables.