Normalized Remainders: Definition, Origins, Backgrounds, Recent Results, and Basic Properties

Abstract: In this chapter, the author retrospects the ins and outs of the concept of the normalized remainders of the Maclaurin power series expansions of functions, reviews main results on normalized remainders of some elementary functions since 2023, explores the historic backgrounds of the normalized remainders in combinatorics and number theory on the Bernoulli numbers and polynomials, the Stirling numbers and polynomials, and their generalizations by Broder, Carlitz, and Howard, presents several basic properties of normalized remainders, and collects several guesses and problems posed while investigating normalized remainders of several elementary functions.