Resolving the spurious-state problem in Dirac equation by using the staggered-grid method

Abstract: Discretizing the Dirac equation on a uniform grid with the central difference formula often generates spurious states. We propose a staggered-grid scheme in the framework of the finite-difference method that suppresses these spurious states without introducing Wilson terms or ad-hoc filtering. In this approach, the large and small components of the Dirac equation are placed on interlaced nodes, and the first-order derivatives are evaluated between staggered points, yielding a Hamiltonian that breaks the unitary transformation between $H_\kappa$ and $H_{-\kappa}$. Benchmarks with the nuclear Woods-Saxon potentials demonstrate one-to-one agreement with the eigenvalues obtained from shooting method and asymmetric finite-difference method, rapid convergence for weakly bound states, and reduced box-size sensitivity. The method retains the simplicity of central differences and standard matrix diagonalization, while naturally extending to higher-order and multi-dimension systems. It provides a compact and efficient tool for relativistic bound-state and scattering calculations.