Quantum algorithm for Electromagnetic Field Analysis

Abstract: Partial differential equations (PDEs) are central to computational electromagnetics (CEM) and photonic design, but classical solvers face high costs for large or complex structures. Quantum Hamiltonian simulation provides a framework to encode PDEs into unitary time evolution and has potential for scalable electromagnetic analysis. We formulate Maxwell's equations in the potential representation and embed governing equations, boundary conditions, and observables consistently into Hamiltonian form. A key bottleneck is the exponential growth of Hamiltonian terms for complex geometries; we examine this issue and show that logical compression can substantially mitigate it, especially for periodic or symmetric structures. As a proof of concept, we simulate optical wave propagation through a metalens and illustrate that the method can capture wavefront shaping and focusing behavior, suggesting its applicability to design optimization tasks. This work highlights the feasibility of Hamiltonian-based quantum simulation for photonic systems and identifies structural conditions favorable for efficient execution.