Rare-event detection in a backward-facing-step flow using live optical-flow velocimetry: observation of an upstream jet burst

Abstract: Rare and extreme events in turbulent flows play a critical role in transport, mixing and transition, yet are notoriously difficumt to capture experimentally. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first direct experimental detection of an upstream-directed jet burst in a backward-facing step (BFS) flow at $Re_h=2100$, using long-duration Live Optical Flow Velocimetry (L-OFV). Continuous monitoring over 1.5 h enabled a data-driven definition of extremes as rare velocity probes excursions deep into the observed distribution's tails; in practice, large negatice events ($u: Z < -6$, $v: Z < -5$ at $(x,y) = (2h,h / 2)$, where $|Z| > > 0$ stands for large deviations form the mean value) triggered the live capture of surrounding velocity fields. The recording is triggered when the probes surpass the defined threshold, using live analysis of the velocity fields. The detected event features a jet-like intrusino into the recirculation region initiated by the collapse of a merged Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex and sustained by counter-rotating vortices, and is accompanied with heavy-tailed probe statistics and simultaneous amplufucation of fluctuating kinetic energy and enstrophy. While a single event was recorded, underscoring its rarity, the results establish L-OFV as aviable platform for rare-event detection in separated shear layers and document a previously unreported mechanism of upstream jet bursting in BFS flow.