Estimating the heterogeneity of pressure profiles within a complete sample of 55 galaxy clusters: a Bayesian Hierarchical Model

Abstract: Galaxy clusters exhibit heterogeneity in their pressure profiles, even after rescaling, highlighting the need for adequately sized samples to accurately capture variations across the cluster population. We present a Bayesian hierarchical model that simultaneously fits individual cluster parameters and the underlying population distribution, providing estimates of the population-averaged pressure profile and the intrinsic scatter, as well as accurate pressure estimates for individual objects. We introduce a highly flexible, low-covariance, and interpretable parameterization of the pressure profile based on restricted cubic splines. We model the scatter properly accounting for outliers, and we incorporate corrections for beam and transfer function, as required for SZ data. Our model is applied to the largest non-stacked sample of individual cluster radial profiles, extracted from SPT+Planck Compton-y maps. This is a complete sample of 55 clusters, with $0.05<z\<0.30$ and $M_{500}\>4\times 10^{14}M_\odot$, enabling subdivision into sizable morphological classes based on eROSITA data. The shape of the population-averaged profile, at our 250 kpc FWHM resolution, closely resembles the universal pressure profile, despite the flexibility of our model to accommodate alternative shapes, with a ~12% lower normalization, similar to what is needed to alleviate the tension between cosmological parameters derived from the CMB and Planck SZ cluster counts. Beyond $r_{500}$, our profile is steeper than previous determinations. The intrinsic scatter is consistent with or lower than previous estimates, despite the broader diversity expected from our SZ selection. Our flexible pressure modelization identifies a few clusters with non-standard concavity in their radial profiles but no outliers in amplitude. When dividing the sample by morphology, we find remarkably similar pressure profiles across classes.