Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Attributable to High Body Mass Index (BMI) among Individuals Aged 20-54 Years from 1990 to 2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study

Abstract: Background:Chronic kidney disease is one of the most prevalent non-communicable health issues globally, and high body mass index plays a significant role in the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease. Methods: Data on the disease burden attributable to high body mass index were retrieved from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study . The global cases, age-standardized mortality rate , and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years attributable to high body mass index were estimated based on age, sex, geographic location, and the Social-demographic Index (SDI). The estimated annual percentage change was calculated to quantify trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019. Decomposition and frontier analyses were conducted to understand the drivers behind changes in burden and to identify top-performing countries. Inequality analysis was performed to assess disparities in burden across different SDI levels. The Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict the disease burden up to 2035.Results: In 2021, there were 4,643.41 global deaths and 2,514,227.16 DALYs attributable to high body mass index-related CKD, more than triple the figures from 1990. Additionally, from 1990 to 2021, the ASMR and ASDR accelerated, with EAPCs of 2.25 (95% CI: 2.13 to 2.37) and 1.98 (95% CI: 1.89 to 2.08), respectively, particularly among males, in High-income North America, and in Low-middle SDI regions. In terms of SDI, the Low-middle SDI region had the highest ASMR and ASDR related to CKD in 2021. Conclusion: From 1990 to 2021, there was a significant increase in global deaths and DALYs attributable to high high body mass index related CKD. As a major public health issue for CKD patients, high BMI urgently requires targeted measures to address it.