Extremal AdS Black Holes as Fluids: A Matrix Large-Charge EFT Approach

Abstract: We develop a simple, yet powerful, matrix-valued large-charge EFT that captures the thermodynamic behavior of rotating extremal large-charge AdS black holes. We introduce a minimal "matrix EFT" by promoting the complex scalar in large charge EFT to a complex $N\times N$ adjoint scalar, whose $O(N^2)$ modes contribute at zero temperature. Employing a mean-field approximation, we solve the self-consistency equations and obtain explicit rigidly rotating fluid solutions. We demonstrate that their energy, angular momenta, and charge densities exactly reproduce the thermodynamics and boundary stress tensor of zero-temperature conformal fluids. A microscopic mode-counting further accounts for the $O(N^2)$ entropy. Via the fluid/gravity correspondence, this fluid describes an extremal AdS black hole in large charge limit. We also comment on supersymmetric BPS black holes, which fall outside the usual hydrodynamic regime but nevertheless exhibit simple, universal behavior in the large angular momentum limit. In this regime, their non-linear charge-spin relations simplify to form reminiscent of our extremal fluid solutions at large angular momentum limit.