Optimized Measurements of Rabi model in a linear potential under Strong Doppler shifts

Abstract: Harnessing quantum resources in the atomic external degrees of freedom--particularly matter-wave states with broad momentum spreads--holds significant potential for enhancing the sensitivity of Kasevich-Chu atom gravimeters at the standard quantum limit. However, a fully quantum-mechanical investigation of the critical Doppler effect inherent to this approach remains lacking. Employing the SU(2) Lie group theory, we derive a generic Riccati equation governing the unitary dynamics of the Rabi model within a linear potential and analyze the Doppler effect impact on Rabi oscillations because of the strong coupling between the internal and external states. Furthermore, by integrating Fisher information theory, we specifically demonstrate the near-universality and high metrological gain of phase rotation measurement protocols under strong Doppler broadening. This theoretical work provides insightful implications for boarder generalization, such as extensions to finite-temperature scenarios or multi-pulse sequences--exemplified by the $\pi/2-\pi-\pi/2$ pulse sequence characteristic of Kasevich-Chu atom gravimeters. Thus, this work lays a theoretical foundation for developing high-sensitivity, noise-resistant atom gravimeters leveraging external-state quantum resources.