York Cavity Formalism and Canonical Ensemble Thermodynamics of (2+1)D Black Holes

Abstract: I perform a detailed investigation of the thermodynamic behavior of (2+1) dimensional Banados Teitelboim Zanelli (BTZ) black holes contained within the canonical ensemble framework, utilizing York formalism. A static, non-rotating BTZ black hole is considered inside a finite radius circular cavity maintained at constant temperature. By getting the measure of the Euclidean action, I obtain expressions for thermodynamic parameters including temperature, entropy, energy, pressure, and heat capacity. I confirm the validity of the Bekenstein Hawking entropy law and examine the thermal stability of the system through heat capacity analysis. Furthermore, I identify conditions for a transition of phase to a stable black hole state from hot flat space and explore the density of states from a statistical mechanics perspective. Moreover, I examine JT coefficient and heat engine efficiency for the BH. Together, our results demonstrate the consistency of York approach and highlight it as a robust tool to investigate black hole thermodynamics in lower-dimensional gravity. Keywords: York's cavity formalism, Canonical ensemble, BTZ black hole, Black hole thermodynamics, JT coefficient, Black hole heat engine efficiency.