Models for differential cross section in proton-proton scattering and their implications at ISR and LHC energies

Abstract: Few composite exponential models for the differential cross section are proposed to analyse the proton-proton ($pp$) elastic scattering at several energies. These proposed models are fitted to the data for $pp$ elastic differential cross section reported at CERN-ISR, LHC, and extrapolated energies of other models. These models have produced important features including dip-bump structure and shrinkage of the forward peak. Position of the dip is also well produced by our models for all the data across a broad energy range of $\sqrt{s}$ = 23 GeV, 23.5 GeV, 27.23 GeV, 30.7 GeV, 44.7 GeV, 52.8 GeV, 62.5 GeV, 200 GeV, 800 GeV, 2.76 TeV, 7 TeV, 8 TeV, 13 TeV, 14 TeV, 15 TeV, and 28 TeV. Employing these proposed models, elastic cross section, inelastic cross section, and total cross section are calculated at all the energies. Calculated results are compared with experimental data and theoretical results of other models. Implications of these results (obtained by models) related to the structure and dynamics of proton are discussed. The findings of this study emphasize the significance of combining theoretical and phenomenological approaches to accurately describe $pp$ elastic scattering at high energies and provide significant information to future LHC experiments for the investigation of differential cross section.