Spectrally accurate and efficient convolution with the 3D free-space Laplace Green's function via the super-potential

Abstract: We present a high-accuracy spectral method for solving the unbounded three-dimensional Poisson equation with smooth, compactly supported sources. The approach is based on a super-potential formulation, where the solution is obtained by applying the Laplacian to a convolution with the biharmonic Green's function. A separable Gaussian-sum (GS) approximation enables efficient FFT-based computation with quasi-linear complexity. Owing to the improved regularity of the biharmonic kernel, the GS cutoff error is of order four, eliminating the need for correction terms or Taylor expansions required in standard GS or Ewald-type methods. Numerical benchmarks demonstrate that the method achieves machine-precision accuracy and outperforms existing GS-based schemes in both error and runtime, making it a robust and efficient tool for free-space Poisson problems on uniform grids.