Multi-Parameter Transitions in Cosmological Calibrators: A Resolution to the Hubble Tension from SH0ES Data Analysis

Abstract: The Hubble tension, characterized by discrepant measurements of the Hubble constant from early and late universe probes, remains one of the most significant challenges in cosmology. Building upon our previous analysis of individual parameter transitions in SH0ES data, we investigate the impact of simultaneous transitions in multiple Cepheid and SNIa calibration parameters at specific cosmic distances. We allow various combinations of transitions in Cepheid absolute magnitude ($M^W_H$), period-luminosity relation slope ($b_W$), metallicity coefficient ($Z_W$), and SNIa absolute magnitude ($M_B$). Our comprehensive analysis reveals a consistent preferred transition distance of approximately 23 Mpc across different parameter combinations. The most statistically favored model allows simultaneous transitions in $b_W$, $Z_W$, and $M_B$, yielding $\Delta \text{AIC} \simeq -9.2$ and $\Delta \text{BIC} \simeq -3.0$ compared to the baseline SH0ES model. This provides strong evidence for inhomogeneities in standard candle calibrations. We demonstrate that the post-transition SNIa absolute magnitude aligns more closely with CMB-based constraints, resulting in a reduced Hubble constant value that alleviates the tension. Our findings suggest that the Hubble tension might be resolved through proper modeling of calibration parameter inhomogeneities rather than requiring new physics beyond $\Lambda$CDM.