Intermediate Excited State Relaxation Dynamics of Boron-Vacancy Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Abstract: The experimental identification of optically addressable spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride has opened new possibilities for quantum sensor technologies in two-dimensional materials and structures. Despite numerous fundamental and theoretical studies on the electronic structure of defects, the dynamics of the excited states are yet to be comprehensively investigated. The non-radiative relaxation pathways from the triplet excited states to the triplet ground states, particularly the one via a metastable intermediate state, remain largely presumed. A detailed identification, let alone a direct measurement of the rate constants, is still lacking. In this work, we investigate the relaxation dynamics of the excited and intermediate states in the optical cycle under pulsed laser excitation in a broad temperature range. The focus is on the shelving intermediate state and resulting ground state spin polarization of an ensemble of optically pumped negatively charged boron vacancies. Our experiments show a relaxation time of 24 ns from the metastable state back to the ground state at room temperature. For low temperatures we find this time to approximately double - in accordance with a doubling of photoluminescence lifetime and intensity. Simulations show the evolution of the spin-populations in the five-level system and the polarization of the ground state depending on excitation rates. We thus optimize pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance sequences to account for the relaxation of the intermediate state. This yields significantly increased efficiency of the spin manipulation and hence, the sensitivity of the quantum sensor based on boron vacancies can be optimized considerably.