The shape of FIREbox galaxies and a potential tension with low-mass disks (2503.05612v1)

Abstract: We study the intrinsic and observable shapes of approximately 700 star-forming galaxies with stellar masses $10^8 - 10^{11}$ M$\odot$ from the FIREbox simulation at $z=0$. We calculate intrinsic axis ratios using inertia tensors weighted by: All Stars, Young Stars, and Luminosity-weighted Stars. Young Stars, in particular, are arranged in systematically different 3D configurations as a function of galaxy stellar mass, with spheroidal, elongated, and disky shapes dominant at stellar masses of $10^{8.5}$ M$\odot$, $10^{9.5}$ M$\odot$, and $10^{10.5}$ M$\odot$, respectively. We construct mock images for each galaxy and show that projected short-to-long axis ratios, $q$, inferred from 2D S\'ersic fits are most closely related to Luminosity-weighted tensor shapes and least resemble the All Stars shapes. This suggests observed 2D shape distributions should not be compared to predictions based on 3D stellar mass shapes. We construct a sample of mock images projected in random orientations and compare them to observed axis ratio distributions from the GAMA survey. For galaxies with stellar masses $10^{10} - 10^{11}$ M$\odot$, we reproduce axis ratios comparable to the thinnest observed in real galaxies ($q \sim 0.1$), suggesting this model is capable of making thin disk galaxies at Milky Way scale. However, at masses below $10^{10}$ M$\odot$, we produce an insufficient population of galaxies with observed $q<0.4$ and none with $q<0.2$, suggesting that FIREbox does not produce enough low-mass disk galaxies. Future observational and theoretical programs aimed at understanding low-mass disk fractions will provide crucial tests of galaxy formation models.