The bracket polynomial of bonded knots and applications to entangles proteins

Abstract: We model proteins with intramolecular bonds, such as disulfide bridges, using the concept of bonded knots -- closed loops in three-dimensional space equipped with additional bonds that connect different segments of the knot. We extend the Kauffman bracket polynomial (which is closely related to the Jones polynomial) to bonded knots through the introduction of the bonded version of the Kauffman bracket skein module. We show that this module is infinitely generated and torsion-free for both the rigid and topological case of bonded knots, providing an invariant of such structures.