Signal shape studies and rate dependence of HFO-based gas mixtures in RPC detectors

Abstract: The RPCs employed at the LHC experiments are currently operated in avalanche mode, with a mixture containing a large fraction of C$<em>{2}$H$</em>{2}$F$<em>{4}$ ($\approx$90\% or more) with the addition of i-C$</em>{4}$H$<em>{10}$ and SF$</em>{6}$ in different concentrations. However, C$<em>{2}$H$</em>{2}$F$<em>{4}$ and SF$</em>{6}$ are fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) with Global Warming Potential (GWP) of $\approx$1400 and $\approx$22800, respectively. EU regulations imposed a progressive phase-down of C$<em>{2}$H$</em>{2}$F$<em>{4}$ production and consumption, aiming at strongly reducing its emission. This is already resulting in an increase of its price and reduction in availability. The most desirable long-term solution to this problem is to find an alternative, F-gases-free gas mixture, able to maintain similar detector performance. To address this challenge, the RPC ECOGasas@GIF++ collaboration (including RPC experts of ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, SHiP/LHCb, and the CERN EP-DT group) was created in 2019. The collaboration is currently studying a gas from the olefine family, the C$</em>{3}$H$<em>{2}$F$</em>{4}$ (or simply HFO, with GWP $\approx$6), to be used, in combination with CO$<em>{2}$, as a substitute for C$</em>{2}$H$<em>{2}$F$</em>{4}$. This contribution will focus on the signal shape studies that have been carried out by the collaboration during dedicated beam test periods. The methodology used in the data analysis will be presented, together with the results obtained with several HFO-based gas mixtures, and with the currently employed one. Furthermore, results on the counting-rate dependence of the RPC performance, obtained by combining the muon beam with the GIF++ $<sup>{137}$Cs source with different attenuation factors, will also be presented.