Mechanism of tulip flame formation in highly reactive and low reactive gas mixtures

Abstract: The early stages of flame dynamics and the development and evolution of tulip flames in closed tubes of various aspect ratios and in a semi-open tube are studied by solving the fully compressible reactive Navier-Stokes equations using a high-order numerical method coupled to detailed chemical models in a stoichiometric hydrogen/air and methane/air mixtures. The use of adaptive mesh refinement provides adequate resolution of the flame reaction zone, pressure waves, and flame-pressure wave interactions. The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper insight into the influence of chemical kinetics on the combustion regimes leading to the formation of a tulip flame and its subsequent evolution. The simulations highlight the effect of flame thickness, flame velocity, and reaction order on the intensity of the rarefaction wave generated by the flame during the deceleration phase, which is the principal physical mechanism of tulip flame formation. The obtained results explain most of the experimentally observed features of tulip flame formation, e.g. faster tulip flame formation with deeper tulip shape for faster flames compared to slower flames.