State-of-the-Art Underwater Vehicles and Technologies Enabling Smart Ocean: Survey and Classifications

Abstract: The exploration and sustainable use of marine environments have become increasingly critical as oceans cover over 70% of surface of Earth. This paper provides a comprehensive survey and classification of state-of-the-art underwater vehicles (UVs) and supporting technologies essential for enabling a smart ocean. We categorize UVs into several types, including remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), hybrid underwater vehicles (HUVs), unmanned surface vehicles (USVs), and underwater bionic vehicles (UBVs). These technologies are fundamental in a wide range of applications, such as environmental monitoring, deep-sea exploration, defense, and underwater infrastructure inspection. Additionally, the paper explores advancements in underwater communication technologies, namely acoustic, optical, and hybrid systems, as well as key support facilities, including submerged buoys, underwater docking stations, and wearable underwater localization systems. By classifying the vehicles and analyzing their technological capabilities and limitations, this work aims to guide future developments in underwater exploration and monitoring, addressing challenges such as energy efficiency, communication limitations, and environmental adaptability. The paper concludes by discussing the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in enhancing the autonomy and operational efficiency of these systems, paving the way for the realization of a fully interconnected and sustainable Smart Ocean.