Remarks on the digital-topological $k$-group structures and the development of the $AP_1$-$k$- and $AP_1^\ast$-$k$-group

Abstract: In the literature of a digital-topological ($DT$-, for brevity) group structure on a digital image $(X,k)$, roughly saying, two kinds of methods are shown. Given a digital image $(X,k)$, the first one, named by a $DT$-$k$-group, was established in 2022 \cite{H10} by using both the $G_{k^\ast}$- or $C_{k^\ast}$-adjacency \cite{H10} for the product $X^2:=X \times X$ and the $(G_{k^\ast},k)$- or $(C_{k^\ast},k)$-continuity for the multiplication $\alpha:X^2 \to X$ \cite{H10}. The second one with the name of $NP_i$-$DT$-groups, $i \in {1,2}$, was discussed in 2023 \cite{LS1} by using the $NP_i(k,k)$-adjacency for $X^2$ in \cite{B1} and the $(NP_i(k,k), k)$-continuities of the multiplication $\alpha:X^2 \to X$, $i\in {1,2}$. However, due to some defects of the $NP_u(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency in \cite{B1,B2}, the $AP_u(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency was recently developed as an alternative to the $NP_u(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency (see Section 4). Besides, we also develop an $AP_u^\ast(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency. For a digital image $(X, k)$, in case an $AP_1(k,k)$-($AP_1$-, for simplicity) adjacency on $X^2$ exists, we formulate both an $AP_1$-$k$- and an $AP_1^\ast$-$k$-group. Then we show that an $AP_1^\ast$-$k$-group is equivalent to a Han's $DT$-$k$-group based on both the $C_{k^\ast}$-adjacency on the product $X^2$ and the $(C_{k^\ast}, k)$-continuity for the multiplication $\alpha_1^\prime:(X^2, C_{k^\ast}) \to (X,k)$.