Design of a CsI(Tl) Calorimeter for Muonium-to-Antimuonium Conversion Experiment

Abstract: The Muonium-to-Antimuonium Conversion Experiment (MACE) is proposed to search for charged lepton flavor violation and increase the sensitivity by more than two orders of magnitude compared to the MACS experiment at PSI in 1999. A clear signature of this conversion is the positron produced from antimuonium decay. This paper presents a near-$4\pi$-coverage calorimeter designed for MACE, which can provide an energy resolution of 10.8% at 511 keV, and a signal efficiency of 78.3% for annihilation $\gamma$-ray events. Detailed Monte-Carlo simulations using MACE offline software based on Geant4 are performed for geometry optimization, coincidence system design, background estimation, and benchmark detector validation.