Qualitatively altered driven Dicke superradiance in extended systems due to infinitesimal perturbations

Abstract: The driven Dicke model, with interesting quantum phases induced by parameterized driving, has been intensively studied in cavities, where permutation symmetry applies due to the atoms' equal coupling to the field and identical interaction. As a result, the system, with proper initialization, can remain in a highly symmetric subset of the state space, where the photon emission of each atom constructively interferes with each other, leading to superradiance at steady state. However, because of the degeneracy of steady states for the driven Dicke model, the steady state can be qualitatively altered by an infinitesimal perturbation. In this work, we simulate superconducting qubits coupled to a 1D waveguide as the extended system and theoretically investigate four kinds of perturbations: local dephasing, individual driving phases, the separation between adjacent qubits, and individual detunings. Using an angular momentum basis, we predict the dimension of the degenerate subspace and study the transition within the subspace due to the perturbation.