Uniqueness of the static vacuum asymptotically flat spacetimes with massive particle spheres

Abstract: In this paper, we establish that a four-dimensional static vacuum asymptotically flat spacetime containing a massive particle sphere is isometric to the Schwarzschild spacetime. Our results expand upon existing uniqueness theorems for static vacuum asymptotically flat spacetimes, which focus on scenarios featuring event horizons or photon spheres. Similarly to the uniqueness theorems concerning photon spheres or event horizons, only a single massive particle sphere is sufficient to obtain a unique solution. However, in contrast to previous theorems, our result leads to the existence of an entire spacetime foliation sliced by a set of massive particle spheres spanning various energies.