Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Search
2000 character limit reached

Optimizing Curved EM Skins for Opportunistic Relaying in Vehicular Networks

Published 15 May 2024 in eess.SP | (2405.09730v1)

Abstract: Electromagnetic skins (EMSs) are recognized for enhancing communication performance, spanning from coverage to capacity. While much of the scientific literature focuses on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces that dynamically adjust phase configurations over time, this study takes a different approach by considering low-cost static passive curved EMS (CEMS)s. These are pre-configured during manufacturing to conform to the shape of irregular surfaces, e.g., car doors, effectively transforming them into anomalous mirrors. This design allows vehicles to serve as opportunistic passive relays, mitigating blockage issues in vehicular networks. This paper delves into a novel design method for the phase profile of CEMS based on coarse a-priori distributions of incident and reflection angles onto the surface, influenced by vehicular traffic patterns. A penalty-based method is employed to optimize both the average spectral efficiency (SE) and average coverage probability, and it is compared against a lower-complexity and physically intuitive modular architecture, utilizing a codebook-based discrete optimization technique. Numerical results demonstrate that properly designed CEMS lead to a remarkable improvements in average SE and coverage probability, namely when the direct path is blocked.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (42)
  1. M. Di Renzo, A. Zappone, M. Debbah, M.-S. Alouini, C. Yuen, J. de Rosny, and S. Tretyakov, “Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: How it works, state of research, and the road ahead,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2450–2525, 2020.
  2. N. yu, P. Genevet, M. Kats, F. Aieta, J.-P. Tetienne, F. Capasso, and Z. Gaburro, “Light propagation with phase discontinuities: Generalized laws of reflection and refraction,” Science (New York, N.Y.), vol. 334, pp. 333–7, 09 2011.
  3. E. Kuester, M. Mohamed, M. Piket-May, and C. Holloway, “Averaged transition conditions for electromagnetic fields at a metafilm,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 2641–2651, 2003.
  4. C. Pan, H. Ren, K. Wang, J. F. Kolb, M. Elkashlan, M. Chen, M. Di Renzo, Y. Hao, J. Wang, A. L. Swindlehurst, X. You, and L. Hanzo, “Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for 6g systems: Principles, applications, and research directions,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 14–20, 2021.
  5. M. Haghshenas, P. Ramezani, M. Magarini, and E. Björnson, “Parametric channel estimation with short pilots in ris-assisted near- and far-field communications,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, pp. 1–1, 2024.
  6. D. T. Bellini, D. Tagliaferri, M. Mizmizi, S. Tebaldini, and U. Spagnolini, “Multi-view near-field imaging in nlos with non-reconfigurable em skins,” 2024.
  7. G. Mylonopoulos, C. D’Andrea, and S. Buzzi, “Active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for user localization in mmwave mimo systems,” in 2022 IEEE 23rd International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communication (SPAWC), 2022, pp. 1–5.
  8. M. Rihan, E. Grossi, L. Venturino, and S. Buzzi, “Spatial diversity in radar detection via active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 29, pp. 1242–1246, 2022.
  9. F. Linsalata, S. Mura, M. Mizmizi, M. Magarini, P. Wang, M. N. Khormuji, A. Perotti, and U. Spagnolini, “Los-map construction for proactive relay of opportunity selection in 6g v2x systems,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 3864–3878, 2022.
  10. Q. Wu and R. Zhang, “Intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless network via joint active and passive beamforming,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 5394–5409, 2019.
  11. Q. Wu, X. Zhou, W. Chen, J. Li, and X. Zhang, “Irs-aided wpcns: A new optimization framework for dynamic irs beamforming,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 4725–4739, 2022.
  12. H. Guo, Y.-C. Liang, J. Chen, and E. G. Larsson, “Weighted sum-rate optimization for intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless networks,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.07920, 2019.
  13. X. Mu, Y. Liu, L. Guo, J. Lin, and R. Schober, “Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (star) ris aided wireless communications,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 3083–3098, 2022.
  14. A. Papazafeiropoulos, Z. Abdullah, P. Kourtessis, S. Kisseleff, and I. Krikidis, “Coverage probability of star-ris-assisted massive mimo systems with correlation and phase errors,” IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1738–1742, 2022.
  15. A.-A. A. Boulogeorgos and A. Alexiou, “Coverage analysis of reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted thz wireless systems,” IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology, vol. 2, pp. 94–110, 2021.
  16. J. Zhang and D. M. Blough, “Optimizing coverage with intelligent surfaces for indoor mmwave networks,” in IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 2022, pp. 830–839.
  17. S. Zeng, H. Zhang, B. Di, Z. Han, and L. Song, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface (ris) assisted wireless coverage extension: Ris orientation and location optimization,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 269–273, 2021.
  18. A. Abrardo, D. Dardari, and M. Di Renzo, “Intelligent reflecting surfaces: Sum-rate optimization based on statistical position information,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 7121–7136, 2021.
  19. Y.-F. Cheng, Y.-X. Wang, J.-L. Zhong, C. Liao, and X. Ding, “Shared-metasurface antenna with diverse reflection, radiation and polarization characteristics for vehicular communications,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 7573–7583, 2023.
  20. H. Jiang, B. Xiong, H. Zhang, and E. Basar, “Hybrid far- and near-field modeling for reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted v2v channels: A sub-array partition based approach,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 8290–8303, 2023.
  21. K. Li, S. Zhou, and G. Tan, “Performance analysis of a reconfigurable-intelligent-surfaces-assisted v2v communication system,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 11, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/11/2383
  22. R. Flamini, D. De Donno, J. Gambini, F. Giuppi, C. Mazzucco, A. Milani, and L. Resteghini, “Toward a heterogeneous smart electromagnetic environment for millimeter-wave communications: An industrial viewpoint,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 8898–8910, 2022.
  23. A. Freni, M. Beccaria, A. Mazzinghi, A. Massaccesi, and P. Pirinoli, “Low-profile and low-visual impact smart electromagnetic curved passive skins for enhancing connectivity in urban scenarios,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/21/4491
  24. G. Oliveri, M. Salucci, and A. Massa, “Generalized analysis and unified design of em skins,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1–1, 2023.
  25. I. Cherukhin, S.-P. Gao, and Y. Guo, “Fully flexible polymer-based microwave devices: Materials, fabrication technique, and application to transmission lines,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 8763–8777, 2021.
  26. S. F. Jilani, Q. H. Abbasi, and A. Alomainy, “Inkjet-printed millimetre-wave pet-based flexible antenna for 5g wireless applications,” in 2018 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on 5G Hardware and System Technologies (IMWS-5G), 2018, pp. 1–3.
  27. T. Liu, L. Liu, H. Chen, H. Sun, Z. Jin, L. F. Chernogor, D. O. Batrakov, and Z. Sun, “A broadband circularly polarized antenna based on transparent conformal metasurface,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3197–3201, 2023.
  28. G. Oliveri, M. Salucci, F. Zardi, and A. Massa, “Wave manipulation through advanced smart skins for shaped beam synthesis,” in 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (APS/URSI), 2021, pp. 411–412.
  29. M. Mizmizi, R. A. Ayoubi, D. Tagliaferri, K. Dong, G. G. Gentili, and U. Spagnolini, “Conformal metasurfaces: A novel solution for vehicular communications,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2804–2817, 2023.
  30. P. D. Rù, P. Rocca, L. Lorenzelli, and A. Massa, “Synthesis of modular electromagnetic skins for multiple blind spot coverage in urban scenarios,” in 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI), 2022, pp. 1964–1965.
  31. L. Fan, J. Xiaomin, H. Gang, and G. Jing, “A novel shape-adjustable surface and its applications in car design,” Journal of Applied Science, vol. 9, no. 2339, pp. 1–20, 2019.
  32. T. S. Rappaport, Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, A. Madanayake, S. Mandal, A. Alkhateeb, and G. C. Trichopoulos, “Wireless communications and applications above 100 ghz: Opportunities and challenges for 6g and beyond,” IEEE access, vol. 7, pp. 78 729–78 757, 2019.
  33. 3GPP ETSI TR 138 900, “Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6 GHz (version 14.2.0 Release 14),” Jun 2017.
  34. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), “Study on evaluation methodology of new vehicle-to-everything (v2x) use cases for lte and nr (v15.3.0, release 15),” vol. TR 37.885, Tech. Rep., 2019.06.
  35. S. Costanzo, P. Nayeri, F. Yang, and A. Z. Elsherbeni, “Radiation analysis and characteristics of conformal reflectarray antennas,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2012, p. 784045, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/784045
  36. E. Björnson and L. Sanguinetti, “Power scaling laws and near-field behaviors of massive mimo and intelligent reflecting surfaces,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 1, pp. 1306–1324, 2020.
  37. Q. Wu and R. Zhang, “Intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless network: Joint active and passive beamforming design,” in 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2018, pp. 1–6.
  38. T. Gally, M. E. Pfetsch, and S. Ulbrich, “A framework for solving mixed-integer semidefinite programs,” Optimization Methods and Software, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 594–632, 2018.
  39. J. Park and S. Boyd, “A semidefinite programming method for integer convex quadratic minimization,” Optimization Letters, vol. 12, pp. 499–518, 2018.
  40. L. Chen, L. He, and Y. Zhou, “An exponential cone programming approach for managing electric vehicle charging,” Operations Research, 2023.
  41. A. Hassanat, K. Almohammadi, E. Alkafaween, E. Abunawas, A. Hammouri, and V. B. S. Prasath, “Choosing mutation and crossover ratios for genetic algorithms—a review with a new dynamic approach,” Information, vol. 10, no. 12, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/10/12/390
  42. K. Dong, M. Mizmizi, D. Tagliaferri, and U. Spagnolini, “Vehicular blockage modelling and performance analysis for mmwave v2v communications,” in ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2022, pp. 3604–3609.

Summary

No one has generated a summary of this paper yet.

Sign Up to Summarize

Paper to Video (Beta)

No one has generated a video about this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate All Videos Subscribe on YouTube

Whiteboard

No one has generated a whiteboard explanation for this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate

Open Problems

We haven't generated a list of open problems mentioned in this paper yet.

Generate Now

Continue Learning

We haven't generated follow-up questions for this paper yet.

Generate Now

Collections

Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.

Sign Up

Tweets

Sign up for free to view the 1 tweet with 0 likes about this paper.

Sign Up for Free