Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Search
2000 character limit reached

A Review of Gravitational Memory and BMS Frame Fixing in Numerical Relativity

Published 14 May 2024 in gr-qc and hep-th | (2405.08868v2)

Abstract: Gravitational memory effects and the BMS freedoms exhibited at future null infinity have recently been resolved and utilized in numerical relativity simulations. With this, gravitational wave models and our understanding of the fundamental nature of general relativity have been vastly improved. In this paper, we review the history and intuition behind memory effects and BMS symmetries, how they manifest in gravitational waves, and how controlling the infinite number of BMS freedoms of numerical relativity simulations can crucially improve the waveform models that are used by gravitational wave detectors. We reiterate the fact that, with memory effects and BMS symmetries, not only can these next-generation numerical waveforms be used to observe never-before-seen physics, but they can also be used to test GR and learn new astrophysical information about our universe.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (108)
  1. Sascha Husa, Sebastian Khan, Mark Hannam, Michael Pürrer, Frank Ohme, Xisco Jiménez Forteza,  and Alejandro Bohé, “Frequency-domain gravitational waves from nonprecessing black-hole binaries. I. New numerical waveforms and anatomy of the signal,” Phys. Rev. D 93, 044006 (2016), arXiv:1508.07250 [gr-qc] .
  2. Sebastian Khan, Sascha Husa, Mark Hannam, Frank Ohme, Michael Pürrer, Xisco Jiménez Forteza,  and Alejandro Bohé, “Frequency-domain gravitational waves from nonprecessing black-hole binaries. II. A phenomenological model for the advanced detector era,” Phys. Rev. D 93, 044007 (2016), arXiv:1508.07253 [gr-qc] .
  3. Geraint Pratten et al., “Computationally efficient models for the dominant and subdominant harmonic modes of precessing binary black holes,” Phys. Rev. D 103, 104056 (2021), arXiv:2004.06503 [gr-qc] .
  4. Héctor Estellés, Marta Colleoni, Cecilio García-Quirós, Sascha Husa, David Keitel, Maite Mateu-Lucena, Maria de Lluc Planas,  and Antoni Ramos-Buades, “New twists in compact binary waveform modeling: A fast time-domain model for precession,” Phys. Rev. D 105, 084040 (2022), arXiv:2105.05872 [gr-qc] .
  5. Andrea Taracchini, Yi Pan, Alessandra Buonanno, Enrico Barausse, Michael Boyle, Tony Chu, Geoffrey Lovelace, Harald P. Pfeiffer,  and Mark A. Scheel, “Prototype effective-one-body model for nonprecessing spinning inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms,” Phys. Rev. D 86, 024011 (2012), arXiv:1202.0790 [gr-qc] .
  6. Benjamin D. Lackey, Koutarou Kyutoku, Masaru Shibata, Patrick R. Brady,  and John L. Friedman, “Extracting equation of state parameters from black hole-neutron star mergers: aligned-spin black holes and a preliminary waveform model,” Phys. Rev. D 89, 043009 (2014), arXiv:1303.6298 [gr-qc] .
  7. Yi Pan, Alessandra Buonanno, Andrea Taracchini, Lawrence E. Kidder, Abdul H. Mroué, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Mark A. Scheel,  and Béla Szilágyi, “Inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms of spinning, precessing black-hole binaries in the effective-one-body formalism,” Phys. Rev. D 89, 084006 (2014), arXiv:1307.6232 [gr-qc] .
  8. Alejandro Bohé et al., “Improved effective-one-body model of spinning, nonprecessing binary black holes for the era of gravitational-wave astrophysics with advanced detectors,” Phys. Rev. D 95, 044028 (2017), arXiv:1611.03703 [gr-qc] .
  9. Serguei Ossokine et al., “Multipolar Effective-One-Body Waveforms for Precessing Binary Black Holes: Construction and Validation,” Phys. Rev. D 102, 044055 (2020), arXiv:2004.09442 [gr-qc] .
  10. Antoni Ramos-Buades, Alessandra Buonanno, Héctor Estellés, Mohammed Khalil, Deyan P. Mihaylov, Serguei Ossokine, Lorenzo Pompili,  and Mahlet Shiferaw, “Next generation of accurate and efficient multipolar precessing-spin effective-one-body waveforms for binary black holes,” Phys. Rev. D 108, 124037 (2023), arXiv:2303.18046 [gr-qc] .
  11. Hermann Bondi, M. G. J. Van der Burg,  and A. W. K. Metzner, “Gravitational waves in general relativity, VII. Waves from axi-symmetric isolated system,” Proc. R. Soc. A 269, 21–52 (1962).
  12. R. Sachs, “Gravitational waves in general relativity. VIII. Waves in asymptotically flat space-time,” Proc. R. Soc. A 270, 103–126 (1962a).
  13. Andrew Strominger, Lectures on the Infrared Structure of Gravity and Gauge Theory (2017) arXiv:1703.05448 [hep-th] .
  14. Sabrina Pasterski, “Implications of Superrotations,” Phys. Rept. 829, 1–35 (2019), arXiv:1905.10052 [hep-th] .
  15. Ana-Maria Raclariu, “Lectures on Celestial Holography,”   (2021), arXiv:2107.02075 [hep-th] .
  16. Sabrina Pasterski, “Lectures on celestial amplitudes,” Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 1062 (2021), arXiv:2108.04801 [hep-th] .
  17. Sabrina Pasterski, Monica Pate,  and Ana-Maria Raclariu, “Celestial Holography,” in Snowmass 2021 (2021) arXiv:2111.11392 [hep-th] .
  18. Keefe Mitman et al., “Fixing the BMS frame of numerical relativity waveforms,” Phys. Rev. D 104, 024051 (2021a), arXiv:2105.02300 [gr-qc] .
  19. Lorena Magaña Zertuche et al., “High precision ringdown modeling: Multimode fits and BMS frames,” Phys. Rev. D 105, 104015 (2022), arXiv:2110.15922 [gr-qc] .
  20. Keefe Mitman et al., “Fixing the BMS frame of numerical relativity waveforms with BMS charges,” Phys. Rev. D 106, 084029 (2022), arXiv:2208.04356 [gr-qc] .
  21. Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota, S. Galindo-Uribarri,  and G-F. Smoot, “A Brief History of Gravitational Waves,” Universe 2, 22 (2016), arXiv:1609.09400 [physics.hist-ph] .
  22. Andrea Nerozzi, Christopher Beetle, Marco Bruni, Lior M. Burko,  and Denis Pollney, “Towards wave extraction in numerical relativity: The quasi-Kinnersley frame,” Phys. Rev. D 72, 024014 (2005), arXiv:gr-qc/0407013 .
  23. Andrea Nerozzi, “Spin coefficients and gauge fixing in the Newman-Penrose formalism,” Phys. Rev. D 95, 064012 (2017), arXiv:1609.04037 [gr-qc] .
  24. F. A. E. Pirani, “On the Physical significance of the Riemann tensor,” Acta Phys. Polon. 15, 389–405 (1956).
  25. H. Bondi, “Gravitational waves in general relativity,” Nature 186, 535–535 (1960).
  26. R. Sachs, “Gravitational waves in general relativity. VI. The outgoing radiation condition,” Proc. R. Soc. A 264, 309–338 (1961).
  27. R. Sachs, “Asymptotic symmetries in gravitational theory,” Phys. Rev. 128, 2851–2864 (1962b).
  28. Béatrice Bonga and Kartik Prabhu, “Bms-like symmetries in cosmology,” Phys. Rev. D 102, 104043 (2020).
  29. Martín Enríquez Rojo and Tobias Schröder, “Asymptotic symmetries and memories of gauge theories in flrw spacetimes,” J. High Energy Phys. 2023 (2023), 10.1007/jhep01(2023)011.
  30. Niko Jokela, K. Kajantie,  and Miika Sarkkinen, “Gravitational wave memory and its tail in cosmology,” Phys. Rev. D 106, 064022 (2022).
  31. Martín Enríquez Rojo and Till Heckelbacher, “Asymptotic symmetries in spatially flat frw spacetimes,” Phys. Rev. D 103, 064009 (2021).
  32. Francisco Fernández-Álvarez and José M M Senovilla, “Asymptotic structure with vanishing cosmological constant,” Class. Quant. Grav. 39, 165011 (2022).
  33. Martín Enríquez Rojo, Till Heckelbacher,  and Roberto Oliveri, “Asymptotic dynamics and charges for flrw spacetimes,” Phys. Rev. D 107, 024039 (2023).
  34. Ezra T. Newman and Theodore W. J. Unti, “Behavior of asymptotically flat empty spaces,” J. Math. Phys. 3, 891–901 (1962).
  35. Roger Penrose, “Asymptotic properties of fields and space-times,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 66–68 (1963).
  36. Roger Penrose, “Zero rest-mass fields including gravitation: asymptotic behaviour,” Proc. R. Soc. A 284, 159–203 (1965).
  37. S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. Ellis, The large scale structure of space-time (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 1976).
  38. Robert Geroch, “Asymptotic structure of Space-Time,” in Asymptotic Structure of Space-Time, edited by F. Paul Esposito and Louis Witten (Springer US, Boston, MA, 1977) pp. 1–105.
  39. Robert Geroch and Gary T. Horowtiz, “Asymptotically simple does not imply asymptotically minkowskian,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 203–206 (1978).
  40. T. Mädler and J. Winicour, “Bondi-Sachs formalism,” Scholarpedia 11, 33528 (2016).
  41. Glenn Barnich and Cédric Troessaert, “Aspects of the BMS/CFT correspondence,” J. High Energy Phys. 2010 (2010a), 10.1007/jhep05(2010)062.
  42. Miguel Campiglia and Alok Laddha, “Asymptotic symmetries and subleading soft graviton theorem,” Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014), 10.1103/physrevd.90.124028.
  43. Miguel Campiglia and Alok Laddha, “New symmetries for the gravitational S-matrix,” J. High Energy Phys. 2015 (2015), 10.1007/jhep04(2015)076.
  44. Geoffrey Compère, Adrien Fiorucci,  and Romain Ruzziconi, “Superboost transitions, refraction memory and super-lorentz charge algebra,” J. High Energy Phys. 2018 (2018), 10.1007/jhep11(2018)200.
  45. Éanna É. Flanagan, Kartik Prabhu,  and Ibrahim Shehzad, “Extensions of the asymptotic symmetry algebra of general relativity,” J. High Energy Phys. 2020 (2020), 10.1007/jhep01(2020)002.
  46. Michael Boyle, “Transformations of asymptotic gravitational-wave data,” Phys. Rev. D 93, 084031 (2016).
  47. Robert P. Geroch, A. Held,  and R. Penrose, “A space-time calculus based on pairs of null directions,” J. Math. Phys. 14, 874–881 (1973).
  48. Dante A. B. Iozzo et al., “Comparing Remnant Properties from Horizon Data and Asymptotic Data in Numerical Relativity,” Phys. Rev. D 103, 124029 (2021), arXiv:2104.07052 [gr-qc] .
  49. O. M. Moreschi, “Supercenter of Mass System at Future Null Infinity,” Class. Quant. Grav. 5, 423–435 (1988).
  50. Osvaldo M. Moreschi and Sergio Dain, “Rest frame system for asymptotically flat space-times,” J. Math. Phys. 39, 6631–6650 (1998), arXiv:gr-qc/0203075 .
  51. Sergio Dain and Osvaldo M. Moreschi, “General existence proof for rest frame systems in asymptotically flat space-time,” Class. Quant. Grav. 17, 3663–3672 (2000), arXiv:gr-qc/0203048 .
  52. Michael Boyle, Dante Iozzo, Leo Stein, Aniket Khairnar, Hannes Rüter, Mark Scheel, Vijay Varma,  and Keefe Mitman, “scri,”  (2024).
  53. Michael Boyle, “Angular velocity of gravitational radiation from precessing binaries and the corotating frame,” Phys. Rev. D 87, 104006 (2013), arXiv:1302.2919 [gr-qc] .
  54. Michael Boyle, Lawrence E. Kidder, Serguei Ossokine,  and Harald P. Pfeiffer, “Gravitational-wave modes from precessing black-hole binaries,”   (2014), arXiv:1409.4431 [gr-qc] .
  55. T. Dray and M. Streubel, “Angular momentum at null infinity,” Class. Quant. Grav. 1, 15–26 (1984).
  56. Robert M. Wald and Andreas Zoupas, “A General definition of ’conserved quantities’ in general relativity and other theories of gravity,” Phys. Rev. D 61, 084027 (2000), arXiv:gr-qc/9911095 .
  57. S. J. Kovacs and K. S. Thorne, “The Generation of Gravitational Waves. 4. Bremsstrahlung,” Astrophys. J. 224, 62–85 (1978).
  58. Lydia Bieri and David Garfinkle, “Perturbative and gauge invariant treatment of gravitational wave memory,” Phys. Rev. D 89, 084039 (2014), arXiv:1312.6871 [gr-qc] .
  59. Y. B. Zel’dovich and A. G. Polnarev, “Radiation of gravitational waves by a cluster of superdense stars,” Sov. Astron. 18, 17 (1974).
  60. V. B. Braginsky and L. P. Grishchuk, “Kinematic Resonance and Memory Effect in Free Mass Gravitational Antennas,” Sov. Phys. JETP 62, 427–430 (1985).
  61. Vladimir B. Braginsky and Kip S. Thorne, “Gravitational-wave bursts with memory and experimental prospects,” Nature 327, 123–125 (1987).
  62. D. Christodoulou, “Nonlinear nature of gravitation and gravitational wave experiments,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1486–1489 (1991).
  63. Kip S. Thorne, “Gravitational-wave bursts with memory: The christodoulou effect,” Phys. Rev. D 45, 520–524 (1992).
  64. E. T. Newman and R. Penrose, “Note on the Bondi-Metzner-Sachs group,” J. Math. Phys. 7, 863–870 (1966).
  65. P. N. Payne, “SMARR’S ZERO FREQUENCY LIMIT CALCULATION,” Phys. Rev. D 28, 1894–1897 (1983).
  66. Luc Blanchet and Thibault Damour, “Hereditary effects in gravitational radiation,” Phys. Rev. D 46, 4304–4319 (1992).
  67. J. Winicour, “Global aspects of radiation memory,” Class. Quant. Grav. 31, 205003 (2014), arXiv:1407.0259 [gr-qc] .
  68. Éanna É. Flanagan and David A. Nichols, “Observer dependence of angular momentum in general relativity and its relationship to the gravitational-wave memory effect,” Phys. Rev. D 92, 084057 (2015), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 93, 049905 (2016)], arXiv:1411.4599 [gr-qc] .
  69. Andrew Strominger and Alexander Zhiboedov, “Gravitational Memory, BMS Supertranslations and Soft Theorems,” JHEP 01, 086 (2016), arXiv:1411.5745 [hep-th] .
  70. Robert P. Geroch and J. Winicour, “Linkages in general relativity,” J. Math. Phys. 22, 803–812 (1981).
  71. A. Ashtekar and M. Streubel, “Symplectic Geometry of Radiative Modes and Conserved Quantities at Null Infinity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 376, 585–607 (1981).
  72. M. Ludvigsen, “GEODESIC DEVIATION AT NULL INFINITY AND THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF VERY LONG WAVE GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION,” Gen. Rel. Grav. 21, 1205–1212 (1989).
  73. Andrew Strominger, “On BMS Invariance of Gravitational Scattering,” JHEP 07, 152 (2014), arXiv:1312.2229 [hep-th] .
  74. Steven Weinberg, “Infrared photons and gravitons,” Phys. Rev. 140, B516–B524 (1965).
  75. Moritz Hübner, Colm Talbot, Paul D. Lasky,  and Eric Thrane, “Measuring gravitational-wave memory in the first LIGO/Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalog,” Phys. Rev. D 101, 023011 (2020), arXiv:1911.12496 [astro-ph.HE] .
  76. Moritz Hübner, Paul Lasky,  and Eric Thrane, “Memory remains undetected: Updates from the second LIGO/Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalog,” Phys. Rev. D 104, 023004 (2021), arXiv:2105.02879 [gr-qc] .
  77. Alexander M. Grant and David A. Nichols, “Outlook for detecting the gravitational-wave displacement and spin memory effects with current and future gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D 107, 064056 (2023), [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 108, 029901 (2023)], arXiv:2210.16266 [gr-qc] .
  78. Freddy Cachazo and Andrew Strominger, “Evidence for a New Soft Graviton Theorem,”   (2014), arXiv:1404.4091 [hep-th] .
  79. Sabrina Pasterski, Andrew Strominger,  and Alexander Zhiboedov, “New Gravitational Memories,” JHEP 12, 053 (2016), arXiv:1502.06120 [hep-th] .
  80. David A. Nichols, “Center-of-mass angular momentum and memory effect in asymptotically flat spacetimes,” Phys. Rev. D 98, 064032 (2018), arXiv:1807.08767 [gr-qc] .
  81. Jan de Boer and Sergey N. Solodukhin, “A Holographic reduction of Minkowski space-time,” Nucl. Phys. B 665, 545–593 (2003), arXiv:hep-th/0303006 .
  82. T. Banks, “A Critique of pure string theory: Heterodox opinions of diverse dimensions,”   (2003), arXiv:hep-th/0306074 .
  83. Glenn Barnich and Cedric Troessaert, “Symmetries of asymptotically flat 4 dimensional spacetimes at null infinity revisited,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 111103 (2010b), arXiv:0909.2617 [gr-qc] .
  84. Glenn Barnich and Cedric Troessaert, “Supertranslations call for superrotations,” PoS CNCFG2010, 010 (2010c), arXiv:1102.4632 [gr-qc] .
  85. Alexander M. Grant, “Persistent gravitational wave observables: Nonlinearities in (non-)geodesic deviation,”   (2023), arXiv:2401.00047 [gr-qc] .
  86. Denis Pollney and Christian Reisswig, “Gravitational memory in binary black hole mergers,” Astrophys. J. Lett. 732, L13 (2011), arXiv:1004.4209 [gr-qc] .
  87. Keefe Mitman, Jordan Moxon, Mark A. Scheel, Saul A. Teukolsky, Michael Boyle, Nils Deppe, Lawrence E. Kidder,  and William Throwe, “Computation of displacement and spin gravitational memory in numerical relativity,” Phys. Rev. D 102, 104007 (2020), arXiv:2007.11562 [gr-qc] .
  88. Alan G. Wiseman and Clifford M. Will, “Christodoulou’s nonlinear gravitational wave memory: Evaluation in the quadrupole approximation,” Phys. Rev. D 44, R2945–R2949 (1991).
  89. Keefe Mitman et al., “Nonlinearities in Black Hole Ringdowns,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 081402 (2023), arXiv:2208.07380 [gr-qc] .
  90. Jooheon Yoo et al., “Numerical relativity surrogate model with memory effects and post-Newtonian hybridization,” Phys. Rev. D 108, 064027 (2023), arXiv:2306.03148 [gr-qc] .
  91. Alexander M. Grant and Keefe Mitman, “Higher Memory Effects in Numerical Simulations of Binary Black Hole Mergers,”   (2023), arXiv:2312.02295 [gr-qc] .
  92. Hengrui Zhu et al., “Black Hole Spectroscopy for Precessing Binary Black Hole Coalescences,”   (2023), arXiv:2312.08588 [gr-qc] .
  93. Hengrui Zhu et al., “Nonlinear Effects In Black Hole Ringdown From Scattering Experiments I: spin and initial data dependence of quadratic mode coupling,”   (2024), arXiv:2401.00805 [gr-qc] .
  94. Gregory B. Cook, “Initial data for numerical relativity,” Living Rev. Rel. 3, 5 (2000), arXiv:gr-qc/0007085 .
  95. Nigel T. Bishop, Roberto Gomez, Luis Lehner,  and Jeffrey Winicour, “Cauchy-characteristic extraction in numerical relativity,” Phys. Rev. D 54, 6153–6165 (1996), arXiv:gr-qc/9705033 .
  96. Nigel T. Bishop, Roberto Gomez, Luis Lehner, Manoj Maharaj,  and Jeffrey Winicour, “High powered gravitational news,” Phys. Rev. D 56, 6298–6309 (1997), arXiv:gr-qc/9708065 .
  97. C. Reisswig, N. T. Bishop, D. Pollney,  and B. Szilagyi, “Characteristic extraction in numerical relativity: binary black hole merger waveforms at null infinity,” Class. Quant. Grav. 27, 075014 (2010), arXiv:0912.1285 [gr-qc] .
  98. C. Reisswig, N. T. Bishop, D. Pollney,  and B. Szilagyi, “Unambiguous determination of gravitational waveforms from binary black hole mergers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 221101 (2009), arXiv:0907.2637 [gr-qc] .
  99. M. C. Babiuc, B. Szilagyi, J. Winicour,  and Y. Zlochower, “A Characteristic Extraction Tool for Gravitational Waveforms,” Phys. Rev. D 84, 044057 (2011), arXiv:1011.4223 [gr-qc] .
  100. Casey J. Handmer and B. Szilagyi, “Spectral Characteristic Evolution: A New Algorithm for Gravitational Wave Propagation,” Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 025008 (2015), arXiv:1406.7029 [gr-qc] .
  101. Casey J. Handmer, Béla Szilágyi,  and Jeffrey Winicour, “Gauge Invariant Spectral Cauchy Characteristic Extraction,” Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 235018 (2015), arXiv:1502.06987 [gr-qc] .
  102. Casey J. Handmer, Béla Szilágyi,  and Jeffrey Winicour, “Spectral Cauchy Characteristic Extraction of strain, news and gravitational radiation flux,” Class. Quant. Grav. 33, 225007 (2016), arXiv:1605.04332 [gr-qc] .
  103. Jordan Moxon, Mark A. Scheel,  and Saul A. Teukolsky, “Improved Cauchy-characteristic evolution system for high-precision numerical relativity waveforms,” Phys. Rev. D 102, 044052 (2020), arXiv:2007.01339 [gr-qc] .
  104. Nils Deppe, William Throwe, Lawrence E. Kidder, Nils L. Vu, Kyle C. Nelli, Cristóbal Armaza, Marceline S. Bonilla, François Hébert, Yoonsoo Kim, Prayush Kumar, Geoffrey Lovelace, Alexandra Macedo, Jordan Moxon, Eamonn O’Shea, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Mark A. Scheel, Saul A. Teukolsky, Nikolas A. Wittek, et al., “SpECTRE v2024.04.12,” 10.5281/zenodo.10967177 (2024).
  105. Jordan Moxon, Mark A. Scheel, Saul A. Teukolsky, Nils Deppe, Nils Fischer, Francois Hébert, Lawrence E. Kidder,  and William Throwe, “SpECTRE Cauchy-characteristic evolution system for rapid, precise waveform extraction,” Phys. Rev. D 107, 064013 (2023), arXiv:2110.08635 [gr-qc] .
  106. Keefe Mitman et al., “Adding gravitational memory to waveform catalogs using BMS balance laws,” Phys. Rev. D 103, 024031 (2021b), arXiv:2011.01309 [gr-qc] .
  107. O M Moreschi, “On angular momentum at future null infinity,” Classical and Quantum Gravity 3, 503 (1986).
  108. Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung et al., “Nonlinear Effects in Black Hole Ringdown,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 081401 (2023), arXiv:2208.07374 [gr-qc] .
Citations (13)
View on Semantic Scholar

Summary

No one has generated a summary of this paper yet.

Sign Up to Summarize

Paper to Video (Beta)

No one has generated a video about this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate All Videos Subscribe on YouTube

Whiteboard

No one has generated a whiteboard explanation for this paper yet.

Sign Up to Generate

Open Problems

We found no open problems mentioned in this paper.

Continue Learning

We haven't generated follow-up questions for this paper yet.

Generate Now

Collections

Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.

Sign Up

Tweets

Sign up for free to view the 3 tweets with 27 likes about this paper.

Sign Up for Free