Finding perfect matchings in bridgeless cubic multigraphs without dynamic (2-)connectivity
Abstract: Petersen's theorem, one of the earliest results in graph theory, states that any bridgeless cubic multigraph contains a perfect matching. While the original proof was neither constructive nor algorithmic, Biedl, Bose, Demaine, and Lubiw [J. Algorithms 38(1)] showed how to implement a later constructive proof by Frink in time using a fully dynamic 2-edge-connectivity structure. Then, Diks and Sta\'nczyk [SOFSEM 2010] described a faster approach that only needs a fully dynamic connectivity structure and works in time. Both algorithms, while reasonable simple, utilize non-trivial (2-edge-)connectivity structures. We show that this is not necessary, and in fact a structure for maintaining a dynamic tree, e.g. link-cut trees, suffices to obtain a simple time algorithm.
- Optimal decremental connectivity in non-sparse graphs. In Kousha Etessami, Uriel Feige, and Gabriele Puppis, editors, 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023), pages 6:1–6:17, Dagstuhl, Germany, 2023. Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik.
- A 4/3-approximation for TSP on cubic 3-edge-connected graphs. Operations Research Letters, 46(4):393–396, 2018.
- Therese Biedl. Linear reductions of maximum matching. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pages 825–826, USA, 2001. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
- Efficient algorithms for Petersen’s matching theorem. Journal of Algorithms, 38(1):110–134, 2001.
- The traveling salesman problem on cubic and subcubic graphs. Mathematical Programming, 144, July 2011.
- Cubic TSP - a 1.3-approximation. SIAM J. Discret. Math., 32:2094–2114, June 2015.
- Maximum flow and minimum-cost flow in almost-linear time. In FOCS, pages 612–623. IEEE, 2022.
- TSP tours in cubic graphs: Beyond 4/3. SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, 29:915–939, October 2015.
- Perfect matching for biconnected cubic graphs in O(nlog2n)𝑂𝑛superscript2𝑛O(n\log^{2}{n})italic_O ( italic_n roman_log start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_n ) time. In Jan van Leeuwen, Anca Muscholl, David Peleg, Jaroslav Pokorný, and Bernhard Rumpe, editors, SOFSEM 2010: Theory and Practice of Computer Science, pages 321–333, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
- Graphic TSP in cubic graphs. In Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, 2017.
- Jack Edmonds. Paths, trees, and flowers. Canad. J. Math., 17, 1965.
- Orrin Frink. A proof of Petersen’s theorem. Annals of Mathematics, 27(4):491–493, 1926.
- Unique maximum matching algorithms. Journal of Algorithms, 40(2):159–183, 2001.
- An improved upper bound for the TSP in cubic 3-edge-connected graphs. Operations Research Letters, 33:467–474, September 2005.
- Poly-logarithmic deterministic fully-dynamic algorithms for connectivity, minimum spanning tree, 2-edge, and biconnectivity. J. ACM, 48(4):723–760, July 2001.
- Dynamic bridge-finding in O~(log2n)~𝑂superscript2𝑛\tilde{O}(\log^{2}{n})over~ start_ARG italic_O end_ARG ( roman_log start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_n ) amortized time, pages 35–52. 2018.
- An n5/2superscript𝑛52n^{5/2}italic_n start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 5 / 2 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT algorithm for maximum matchings in bipartite graphs. SIAM J. Comput., 2(4):225–231, 1973.
- Fully dynamic connectivity in O(logn(loglogn)2)𝑂𝑛superscript𝑛2O(\log n(\log\log{n})^{2})italic_O ( roman_log italic_n ( roman_log roman_log italic_n ) start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ) amortized expected time. In TheoretiCS, 2023.
- Anton Kotzig. Z teorie konečných pravidelných grafov tretieho a štvrtého stupňa. Časopis pro pěstování matematiky, 082(1):76–92, 1957.
- S. Micali and V. Vazirani. An O(|V|⋅|E|)𝑂⋅𝑉𝐸O(\sqrt{|V|}\cdot|E|)italic_O ( square-root start_ARG | italic_V | end_ARG ⋅ | italic_E | ) algorithm for finding maximum matching in general graphs. In 21st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, pages 17–27, 1980.
- Maximum matchings via Gaussian elimination. In Proceedings - Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS, pages 248–255, November 2004.
- Julius Petersen. Die Theorie der regulären graphs. Acta Mathematica, 15:193–220, 1891.
- A data structure for dynamic trees. In STOC, pages 114–122. ACM, 1981.
- Mikkel Thorup. Near-optimal fully-dynamic graph connectivity. In Symposium on the Theory of Computing, 2000.
- Anke van Zuylen. Improved approximations for cubic bipartite and cubic TSP. Mathematical Programming, 172:399–413, 2015.
- Approximating TSP walks in subcubic graphs. J. Comb. Theory, Ser. B, 158:70–104, 2021.
- Christian Wulff-Nilsen. Faster deterministic fully-dynamic graph connectivity. In Encyclopedia of Algorithms, 2012.
Paper Prompts
Sign up for free to create and run prompts on this paper.