Direct evidence for efficient carrier multiplication in the topological insulator Bi$_2$Se$_3$

Abstract: Carrier multiplication (CM), where the absorption of a single photon results in the generation of several electron-hole pairs via impact ionization, plays a pivotal role in the quest for enhancing the performance of solar cells beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit. The combination of its narrow bandgap relative to the photon energy of visible light, along with its low phonon frequencies that hinder efficient energy dissipation into phonons, makes the topological insulator Bi$_2$Se$_3$ an optimal candidate material for efficient CM. Here we use time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (trARPES) to trace the number of electron-hole pairs after photoexcitation of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ with visible pump pulses at $\hbar\omega=2$ eV. We find that both the number of electrons inside the conduction band as well as the number of holes inside the valence band keep increasing long after the pump pulse is gone, providing direct evidence for CM. We also analyze the transient band structure as well as the hot carrier dynamics inside the conduction band, providing a complete picture of the non-equilibrium carrier dynamics in photoexcited Bi$_2$Se$_3$ which can now serve as a basis for novel optoelectronic applications.