Generalized Kramers-Wanier Duality from Bilinear Phase Map
Abstract: We present the Bilinear Phase Map (BPM), a concept that extends the Kramers-Wannier (KW) transformation to investigate unconventional gapped phases, their dualities, and phase transitions. Defined by a matrix of $\mathbb{Z}_2$ elements, the BPM not only encapsulates the essence of KW duality but also enables exploration of a broader spectrum of generalized quantum phases and dualities. By analyzing the BPM's linear algebraic properties, we elucidate the loss of unitarity in duality transformations and derive general non-invertible fusion rules. Applying this framework to (1+1)D systems yields the discovery of new dualities, shedding light on the interplay between various Symmetry Protected Topological (SPT) and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB) phases. Additionally, we construct a duality web that interconnects these phases and their transitions, offering valuable insights into relations between different quantum phases.
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- More precisely, the ground state is an eigenstate of Zi−1XiXi+1Zi+2subscript𝑍𝑖1subscript𝑋𝑖subscript𝑋𝑖1subscript𝑍𝑖2Z_{i-1}X_{i}X_{i+1}Z_{i+2}italic_Z start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i - 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_X start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_X start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i + 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_Z start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i + 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT with eigenvalue 1 and thus has the SPT feature. The reason why not choosing H=−\sum@\slimits@i=1LZi−1XiXi+1Zi+2𝐻\sum@subscriptsuperscript\slimits@𝐿𝑖1subscript𝑍𝑖1subscript𝑋𝑖subscript𝑋𝑖1subscript𝑍𝑖2H=-\sum@\slimits@^{L}_{i=1}Z_{i-1}X_{i}X_{i+1}Z_{i+2}italic_H = - start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_L end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i = 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_Z start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i - 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_X start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_X start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i + 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_Z start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i + 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT is that this Hamiltonian has an emergent symmetry \prod@\slimits@iXi\prod@subscript\slimits@𝑖subscript𝑋𝑖\prod@\slimits@_{i}X_{i}start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i end_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_X start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i end_POSTSUBSCRIPT and is in the corresponding SSB phase.
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