Internal causality breaking and emergence of entanglement in the quantum realm

Abstract: Entanglement is the most striking but also most weird property in quantum mechanics, even though it has been confirmed by many experiments over decades through the criterion of violating Bell's inequality. However, a fundamental questions arisen from EPR paradox is still not fully understood, that is, why and how entanglement emerges in quantum realm but not in classical world. In this paper, we investigate the quantum dynamics of two photonic modes (or any two bosonic modes) coupled to each other through a beam splitting. Such a coupling fails to produce two-mode entanglement. We also start with an initially separable pure state for the two modes, namely, there are no entanglement and statistic probability feature to begin with. By solving the quantum equation of motion exactly without relying on the probabilistic interpretation, we find that when the initial wave function of one mode is different from a wave packet obeying the minimum Heisenberg uncertainty (which corresponds to a well-defined classically particle), the causality in the time-evolution of each mode is internally broken. It also leads to the emergence of quantum entanglement between the two modes. The lack of causality is the nature of statistics. The Bell's theorem only rules out the existence of local hidden variables in the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is the breaking of internal causality in the dynamical evolution of subsystems that induces the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, even though the dynamical evolution of the whole system completely obey the deterministic Schr\"{o}dinger equation. This conclusion is valid for all quantum systems. It provides a fundamental origin of the probabilistic feature within the deterministic framework of quantum mechanics.