Analysis of Maximum Threshold and Quantum Security for Fault-Tolerant Encoding and Decoding Scheme Base on Steane Code

Abstract: Steane code is one of the most widely studied quantum error-correction codes, which is a natural choice for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). However, the original Steane code is not fault-tolerant because the CNOT gates in an encoded block may cause error propagation. In this paper, we first propose a fault-tolerant encoding and decoding scheme, which analyzes all possible errors caused by each quantum gate in an error-correction period. In this scheme, we combine the results of measuring redundant qubits with those of syndrome measurements to identify specific errors for different types of errors. But due to the error propagation, there may be cases where different errors produce the same measurement results. Therefore, we introduce the "flag qubits" scheme (providing its usage conditions) to reduce error interference as much as possible, and we consider the errors caused by the introduced quantum gates, realizing the truly fault-tolerant Steane code. Afterwards, we provide the fault-tolerant scheme of the universal quantum gate set, including fault-tolerant preparation and verification of ancillary states. This is the first time that fault tolerance has been considered for every process of FTQC. Finally, We propose an algorithm for a more accurate estimation of thresholds and optimal error-correction period selection. Our simulation results based on this entire scheme demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm, satisfying the threshold theorem and the currently widely recognized threshold. We analyze the relationship among the maximum threshold, concatenated levels, and quantum logical depth, showing that quantum operations play a crucial role in increasing the threshold. Furthermore, we analyze the computational theoretical limits of quantum computers from the perspectives of attack and active defense based on our FTQC scheme, thereby assessing the security of a system.