Mapping TLE orbital parameters to GNSS ephemeris for LEO PNT mega-constellation orbit simulations and visibility analysis

Abstract: The emergence of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations dedicated to positioning applications holds the promise of improving the capabilities of existing Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, the absence of operational systems necessitates a qualitative assessment of potential improvements through simulation. This paper introduces a methodology to convert Two Line Element (TLE) orbital parameters, abundantly available for LEO constellations for communication and Earth Observation, into the widely used RINEX 4 format employed by GNSS. The primary goal is to establish a comprehensive database of LEO constellation orbits directly compatible with the orbit propagation algorithms utilized in GNSS systems like the Global Positioning System (GPS). This approach enables seamless integration into simulation tools with minimal adjustments. While TLE parameters are optimized for the SGP4 propagation model and cautioned against use in classical Kepler orbit propagation scenarios requiring precision, the obtained discrepancies, within a few tens of kilometers, suggest that these representations are realistic for simulation purposes, as demonstrated with the Spire LEMUR LEO constellation. As a practical application, the paper conducts a visibility analysis using the Starlink constellation. Results affirm expectations, showcasing that the combination of GNSS with a LEO mega-constellation significantly enhances satellite coverage and reduces Dilution of Precision. This work contributes to the ongoing discourse on the potential benefits and practicality of integrating emerging LEO constellations with established GNSS systems, offering insights into improved navigation and timing capabilities through simulation-based assessments.