In-situ-tunable spin-spin interactions in a Penning trap with in-bore optomechanics

Abstract: Experimental implementations of quantum simulation must balance the controllability of the quantum system under test with decoherence typically introduced through interaction with external control fields. The ratio of coherent interaction strength to decoherence induced by stimulated emission in atomic systems is typically determined by hardware constraints, limiting the flexibility needed to explore different operating regimes. Here, we present an optomechanical system for in-situ tuning of the coherent spin-motion and spin-spin interaction strength in two-dimensional ion crystals confined in a Penning trap. The system introduces active optical positioners into the tightly constrained space of the bore of a superconducting magnet, allowing adjustability of the key hardware parameter which determines the ratio of coherent to incoherent light-matter interaction for fixed optical power. Using precision closed-loop piezo-actuated positioners, the system permits in-situ tuning of the angle-of-incidence of laser beams incident on the ion crystal up to $\theta_{\text{ODF}}\approx 28^\circ$. We characterize the system using measurements of the induced mean-field spin precession under the application of an optical dipole force in ion crystals cooled below the Doppler limit through electromagnetically induced transparency cooling. These experiments show approximately a $\times2$ variation in the ratio of the coherent to incoherent interaction strength with changing $\theta_{\text{ODF}}$, consistent with theoretical predictions. We characterize system stability over 6000 seconds; rigid mounting of optomechanics to the ion trap structure reduces differential laser movements to approximately $2\times 10^{-3}$ degrees per hour, enabling long-duration experiments. These technical developments will be crucial in future quantum simulations and sensing applications.