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Probing the speed of scalar-induced gravitational waves with pulsar timing arrays

Published 18 Jan 2024 in gr-qc and astro-ph.CO | (2401.09818v2)

Abstract: Recently, several regional pulsar timing array collaborations, including CPTA, EPTA, PPTA, and NANOGrav, have individually reported compelling evidence for a stochastic signal at nanohertz frequencies. This signal originates potentially from scalar-induced gravitational waves associated with significant primordial curvature perturbations on small scales. In this letter, we employ data from the EPTA DR2, PPTA DR3, and NANOGrav 15-year data set, to explore the speed of scalar-induced gravitational waves using a comprehensive Bayesian analysis. Our results suggest that, to be consistent with pulsar timing array observations, the speed of scalar-induced gravitational waves should be cg≳0.61c_g \gtrsim 0.61 at a 95%95\% credible interval for a lognormal power spectrum of curvature perturbations. Additionally, this constraint aligns with the prediction of general relativity that cg=1c_g=1 within a 90%90\% credible interval. Our findings underscore the capacity of pulsar timing arrays as a powerful tool for probing the speed of scalar-induced gravitational waves.

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