T2 Relaxation during Radiofrequency (RF) pulses

Abstract: Radiofrequency (RF) pulses are a critical part of every MRI pulse sequence, and must be specifically designed for ultrashort echo time (UTE) and zero echo time (ZTE) acquisitions. When considering the behavior of RF pulses, most often longitudinal T1 or transverse T2 relaxation is assumed to be negligible during the RF pulses themselves. This is usually valid with conventional sequences since most tissue T1s and T2s are much longer than typical RF pulse durations. However, when imaging tissues that have transverse relaxation times that are of the order of, or shorter than, the RF pulse duration, as is often the case with UTE and ZTE MRI, then relaxation during the pulse must be considered. This article covers the theory of T2/T2* relaxation during an RF pulse, and the implications and applications of this for imaging of ultrashort-T2* species.