An extremely bad-cavity laser

Abstract: Lasing in the bad-cavity regime has promising applications in precision measurement and frequency metrology due to the reduced sensitivity of the laser frequency to cavity length fluctuations. Thus far, relevant studies have been mainly focused on conventional cavities whose finesse is high enough that the resonance linewidth is sufficiently narrow compared to the cavity's free spectral range, though still in the bad-cavity regime. However, lasing output from the cavity whose finesse is close to the limit of 2 has never been experimentally accessed. Here, we demonstrate an extremely bad-cavity laser, analyze the physical mechanisms limiting cavity finesse, and report on the worst ever laser cavity with finesse reaching 2.01. The optical cavity has a reflectance close to zero and only provides a weak optical feedback. The laser power can be as high as tens of $\mu$W and the spectral linewidth reaches a few kHz, over one thousand times narrower than the gain bandwidth. In addition, the measurement of cavity pulling reveals a pulling coefficient of 0.0148, the lowest value ever achieved for a continuous wave laser. Our findings open up an unprecedentedly innovative perspective for future new ultra-stable lasers, which could possibly trigger the future discoveries in optical clocks, cavity QED, continuous wave superradiant laser, and explorations of quantum manybody physics.