Dimensions of splines of degree two (2309.11650v2)

Abstract: Splines are defined as piecewise polynomials on the faces of a polyhedral complex that agree on the intersections of two faces. Splines are used in approximation theory and numerical analysis, with applications in data interpolation, to create smooth curves in computer graphics and to find numerical solutions to partial differential equations. Gilbert, Tymoczko, and Viel generalized the classical splines combinatorially and algebraically: a generalized spline is a vertex labeling of a graph $G$ by elements of the ring so that the difference between the labels of any two adjacent vertices lies in the ideal generated by the corresponding edge label. We study the generalized splines on the planar graphs whose edges are labeled by two-variable polynomials of the form $(ax+by+c)^2$ and whose vertices are labeled by polynomials of degree at most two. In this paper we address the upper-bound conjecture for the dimension of degree-2 splines of smoothness 1. The dimension is expressed in terms of the rank of the extended cycle basis matrix. We also provide a combinatorial algorithm on graphs to compute the rank by contracting certain subgraphs.