Sedenion algebra for three lepton/quark generations and its relations to SU(5) (2308.14768v2)

Abstract: In this work, we analyze two models beyond the Standard Models descriptions that make ad hoc hypotheses of three point-like lepton and quark generations without explanations of their physical origins. Instead of using the same Dirac equation involving four anti-commutative matrices for all such structure-less elementary particles, we consider in the first model the use of sixteen direct-product matrices of quaternions that are related to Diracs gamma matrices. This associative direct-product matrix model could not generate three fermion generations satisfying Einsteins mass-energy relation. We show that sedenion algebra contains five distinct quaternion sub-algebras and three octonion sub-algebras but with a common intersecting quaternion algebra. This model naturally leads to precisely three generations as each of the non-associative octonion sub-algebra leads to one fermion generation. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of basic sedenion.