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Depth from Defocus Technique: A Simple Calibration-Free Approach for Dispersion Size Measurement (2307.10678v2)
Published 20 Jul 2023 in physics.flu-dyn and eess.IV
Abstract: Particle size measurement is crucial in various applications, be it sizing droplets in inkjet printing or respiratory events, tracking particulate ejection in hypersonic impacts, or detecting floating target markers in free surface flows. Such systems are characterised by extracting quantitative information like size, position, velocity and number density of the dispersed particles, which is typically non-trivial. The existing methods like phase Doppler or digital holography offer precise estimates at the expense of complicated systems, demanding significant expertise. We present a novel volumetric measurement approach for estimating the size and position of dispersed spherical particles that utilises a unique 'Depth from Defocus' (DFD) technique with a single camera. The calibration free sizing enables in-situ examination of hard to measure systems, including naturally occurring phenomena like pathogenic aerosols, pollen dispersion or raindrops. The efficacy of the technique is demonstrated for diverse sparse dispersions, including dots, glass beads, spray droplets, and pollen grains. The simple optical configuration and semi-autonomous calibration procedure make the method readily deployable and accessible, with a scope of applicability across vast research horizons.
- Erinin, M.A., Néel, B., Mazzatenta, M.T., Duncan, J.H., Deike, L.: Comparison between shadow imaging and in-line holography for measuring droplet size distributions. Experiments in Fluids 64(5), 96 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03633-8 Fantini et al. [1990] Fantini, E., Tognotti, L., Tonazzini, A.: Drop size distribution in sprays by image processing. Computers & Chemical Engineering 14(11), 1201–1211 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(90)80002-S Hay et al. [1998] Hay, K.J., Liu, Z.-C., Hanratty, T.J.: A backlighted imaging technique for particle size measurements in two-phase flows. Experiments in Fluids 25(3), 226–232 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050225 Lecuona et al. [2000] Lecuona, A., Sosa, P.A., Rodríguez, P.A., Zequeira, R.I.: Volumetric characterization of dispersed two-phase flows by digital image analysis. Measurement Science and Technology 11(8), 1152 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/8/309 Kim and Kim [1994] Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fantini, E., Tognotti, L., Tonazzini, A.: Drop size distribution in sprays by image processing. Computers & Chemical Engineering 14(11), 1201–1211 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(90)80002-S Hay et al. [1998] Hay, K.J., Liu, Z.-C., Hanratty, T.J.: A backlighted imaging technique for particle size measurements in two-phase flows. Experiments in Fluids 25(3), 226–232 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050225 Lecuona et al. [2000] Lecuona, A., Sosa, P.A., Rodríguez, P.A., Zequeira, R.I.: Volumetric characterization of dispersed two-phase flows by digital image analysis. Measurement Science and Technology 11(8), 1152 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/8/309 Kim and Kim [1994] Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hay, K.J., Liu, Z.-C., Hanratty, T.J.: A backlighted imaging technique for particle size measurements in two-phase flows. Experiments in Fluids 25(3), 226–232 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1007/s003480050225 Lecuona et al. [2000] Lecuona, A., Sosa, P.A., Rodríguez, P.A., Zequeira, R.I.: Volumetric characterization of dispersed two-phase flows by digital image analysis. Measurement Science and Technology 11(8), 1152 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/8/309 Kim and Kim [1994] Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lecuona, A., Sosa, P.A., Rodríguez, P.A., Zequeira, R.I.: Volumetric characterization of dispersed two-phase flows by digital image analysis. Measurement Science and Technology 11(8), 1152 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/8/309 Kim and Kim [1994] Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. 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[2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. 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[2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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[2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. 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[2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. 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Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lecuona, A., Sosa, P.A., Rodríguez, P.A., Zequeira, R.I.: Volumetric characterization of dispersed two-phase flows by digital image analysis. Measurement Science and Technology 11(8), 1152 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/8/309 Kim and Kim [1994] Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. 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[2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. 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[2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. 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[2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. 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Measurement Science and Technology 11(8), 1152 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/8/309 Kim and Kim [1994] Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kim, K.S., Kim, S.-S.: Drop sizing and depth-of-field correction in tv imaging. Atomization and Sprays 4(1) (1994) https://doi.org/10.1615/AtomizSpr.v4.i1.30 Pentland [1987] Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Pentland, A.P.: A New Sense for Depth of Field. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-9(4), 523–531 (1987) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767940 Krotkov [1988] Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. 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[2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. 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[2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. 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[2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. 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ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. 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[2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. 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[2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Krotkov, E.: Focusing. International Journal of Computer Vision 1(3), 223–237 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127822 Willert and Gharib [1992] Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. 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International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Willert, C.E., Gharib, M.: Three-dimensional particle imaging with a single camera. Experiments in Fluids 12(6), 353–358 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193880 Levin et al. [2007] Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. 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[2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., Freeman, W.T.: Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Transactions on Graphics 26(3), 70 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1145/1276377.1276464 Cao and Zhai [2019] Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cao, Z., Zhai, C.: Defocus-based three-dimensional particle location with extended depth of field via color coding. Applied Optics 58(17), 4734–4739 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004734 Cierpka et al. [2010] Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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[2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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[2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Cierpka, C., Segura, R., Hain, R., Kähler, C.J.: A simple single camera 3C3D velocity measurement technique without errors due to depth of correlation and spatial averaging for microfluidics. Measurement Science and Technology 21(4), 045401 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045401 Ghita and Whelan [2001] Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. 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[2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Ghita, O., Whelan, P.F.: A video-rate range sensor based on depth from defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 33(3), 167–176 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(01)00010-X Ens and Lawrence [1993] Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Ens, J., Lawrence, P.: An investigation of methods for determining depth from focus. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(2), 97–108 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1109/34.192482 Subbarao and Surya [1994] Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. 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[2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Surya, G.: Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision 13(3), 271–294 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02028349 Blaisot and Yon [2005] Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Blaisot, J.B., Yon, J.: Droplet size and morphology characterization for dense sprays by image processing: application to the Diesel spray. Experiments in Fluids 39(6), 977–994 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4 Fdida and Blaisot [2010] Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. Measurement Science and Technology 21(2), 025501 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/025501 Legrand et al. [2016] Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 76, 135–145 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.03.018 Saxena et al. [2008] Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. 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Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fdida, N., Blaisot, J.-B.: Drop size distribution measured by imaging: determination of the measurement volume by the calibration of the point spread function. 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[2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. 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[2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Legrand, M., Nogueira, J., Lecuona, A., Hernando, A.: Single camera volumetric shadowgraphy system for simultaneous droplet sizing and depth location, including empirical determination of the effective optical aperture. 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[1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. 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[2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Saxena, A., Chung, S.H., Ng, A.Y.: 3-D depth reconstruction from a single still image. International Journal of Computer Vision 76(1), 53–69 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y Wang et al. [2022a] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Characterization of the in-focus droplets in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(11), 113316 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121174 Wang et al. [2022b] Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. 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[2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. 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[2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. 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[2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Wang, Z., He, F., Zhang, H., Hao, P., Zhang, X., Li, X.: Three-dimensional measurement of the droplets out of focus in shadowgraphy systems via deep learning-based image-processing method. Physics of Fluids 34(7), 073301 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097375 Subbarao et al. [1995] Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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[2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Subbarao, M., Wei, T.-C., Surya, G.: Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4(12), 1613–1628 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.1995.8875998 Murata and Kawamura [1999] Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Murata, S., Kawamura, M.: Particle depth measurement based on depth-from-defocus. Optics & Laser Technology 31(1), 95–102 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-3992(99)00027-4 Zhou et al. [2020] Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. 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Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Tropea, C., Chen, B., Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Cai, X.: Spray drop measurements using depth from defocus. Measurement Science and Technology 31(7), 075901 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab79c6 Zhou et al. [2021] Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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[2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. 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[2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Zhou, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Tropea, C., Xu, R., Cai, X.: Sensitivity analysis and measurement uncertainties of a two-camera depth from defocus imaging system. Experiments in Fluids 62(11), 224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03316-2 Sharma et al. [2023] Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. 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[2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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- Sharma, S., Rao, S.J., Chandra, N.K., Kumar, A., Basu, S., Tropea, C.: Depth from defocus technique applied to unsteady shock-drop secondary atomization. Experiments in Fluids 64(4), 65 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-023-03588-w Bowman [1958] Bowman, F.: Introduction to Bessel Functions. Dover Publications, New York, USA (1958) Hecht [2017] Hecht, E.: Optics, 5th global edition edn. Pearson, India (2017) Stokseth [1969] Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. 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[2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Stokseth, P.A.: Properties of a defocused optical system*. Journal of the Optical Society of America 59(10), 1314 (1969) https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.59.001314 Lee [1990] Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. 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[2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lee, H.-C.: Review of image-blur models in a photographic system using the principles of optics. Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. 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[2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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Optical Engineering 29(5), 405 (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.55609 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. 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[2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. 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[2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Kumar, S., Rathod, D.D., Basu, S.: Experimental investigation of performance of high-shear atomizer with discrete radial-jet fuel nozzle: mean and dynamic characteristics. Flow 2, 31 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1017/flo.2022.25 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. 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[2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. 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[2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. 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[2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. 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Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Sharma, S., Pratap Singh, A., Srinivas Rao, S., Kumar, A., Basu, S.: Shock induced aerobreakup of a droplet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 929, 27 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.860 Sharma et al. [2022] Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. 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Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. 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- Sharma, S., Chandra, N.K., Basu, S., Kumar, A.: Advances in droplet aerobreakup. The European Physical Journal Special Topics (2022) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00653-z Fischer et al. [2020] Fischer, E.P., Fischer, M.C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W.S., Westman, E.: Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. 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Science Advances 6(36), 3083 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 Prather et al. [2020] Prather, K.A., Marr, L.C., Schooley, R.T., McDiarmid, M.A., Wilson, M.E., Milton, D.K.: Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2. Science 370(6514), 303–304 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0521 Sharma et al. [2021] Sharma, S., Pinto, R., Saha, A., Chaudhuri, S., Basu, S.: On secondary atomization and blockage of surrogate cough droplets in single- and multilayer face masks. Science Advances 7(10), 0452 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0452 Lhuissier and Villermaux [2012] Lhuissier, H., Villermaux, E.: Bursting bubble aerosols. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 696, 5–44 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.418 Poulain and Bourouiba [2018] Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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[2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. 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[2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Poulain, S., Bourouiba, L.: Biosurfactants change the thinning of contaminated bubbles at bacteria-laden water interfaces. Physical Review Letters 121(20), 204502 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.204502 Kelly et al. [2002] Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Kelly, J.K., Rasch, A., Kalisz, S.: A method to estimate pollen viability from pollen size variation. American Journal of Botany 89(6), 1021–1023 (2002) https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.1021 De Storme et al. [2013] De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- De Storme, N., Zamariola, L., Mau, M., Sharbel, T.F., Geelen, D.: Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reproduction 26(2), 65–81 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0 Kumar et al. [2022] Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Kumar, V., Goyal, N., Prasad, A., Babu, S., Khare, K., Yadav, G.: Quantification of Pollen Viability in Lantana camara By Digital Holographic Microscopy. arXiv (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.04421 Shaheen et al. [2009] Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Shaheen, N., Khan, M.A., Hayat, M.Q., Yasmin, G.: Pollen morphology of 14 species of Abutilon and Hibiscus of the family Malvaceae (sensu stricto). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3, 921–929 (2009) Damaschke et al. [2002] Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x
- Damaschke, N., Nobach, H., Tropea, C.: Optical limits of particle concentration for multi-dimensional particle sizing techniques in fluid mechanics. Experiments in Fluids 32(2), 143–152 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-001-0371-x