Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Search
2000 character limit reached

Aeroacoustic testing on a full aircraft model at high Reynolds numbers in the European Transonic Windtunnel

Published 11 Jul 2023 in physics.flu-dyn, cs.SD, and eess.AS | (2307.05140v1)

Abstract: This paper presents an end-to-end approach for the assessment of pressurized and cryogenic wind tunnel measurements of an EMBRAER scaled full model close to real-world Reynolds numbers. The choice of microphones, measurement parameters, the design of the array, and the selection of flow parameters are discussed. Different wind tunnel conditions are proposed which allow separating the influence of the Reynolds number from the Mach number, as well as the influence of slotted and closed test sections. The paper provides three-dimensional beamforming results with CLEAN-SC deconvolution, the selection of regions of interest, and the corresponding source spectra. The results suggest that slotted test sections have little influence on the beamforming results compared to closed test sections and that the Reynolds number has a profound, non-linear impact on the aeroacoustic emission that lessens with increasing Reynolds number. Further, sources show a non-linear Mach number dependency at constant Reynolds number but are self-similar in the observed Mach number range. The findings suggest that it is possible to study real-world phenomena on small-scale full models at real-world Reynolds numbers, which enable further investigations in the future such as the directivity of sources.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (42)
  1. W. Herkes, R. Stoker, Wind tunnel measurements of the airframe noise of a high-speed civil transport, in: 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. doi:10.2514/6.1998-472.
  2. S. Oerlemans, P. Sijtsma, Acoustic array measurements of a 1:10.6 scaled Airbus A340 model, in: 10th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. doi:10.2514/6.2004-2924.
  3. Airframe noise study of a bombardier CRJ-700 aircraft model in the NASA ames 7-by 10-foot wind tunnel, Int. J. Aeroacoustics 3 (2004) 1–42. doi:10.1260/147547204323022248.
  4. Aviation noise and cardiovascular health in the united states: a review of the evidence and recommendations for research direction, Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 5 (2018) 140–152. doi:10.1007/s40471-018-0151-2.
  5. Open rotor noise prediction methods at NASA Langley: A technology review, in: 15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (30th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), 2009. URL: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2009-3133. doi:10.2514/6.2009-3133.
  6. Relative importance of open rotor tone and broadband noise sources, in: 17th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (32nd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), 2011. URL: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2011-2763. doi:10.2514/6.2011-2763.
  7. Hybrid methods for airframe noise numerical prediction, Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 19 (2005) 197–227. doi:10.1007/s00162-005-0165-5.
  8. Noise source analysis in counter-rotating open rotors, AIAA J. 60 (2022) 1783–1796. doi:10.2514/1.J060886.
  9. Airframe noise source locations of a 777 aircraft in flight and comparisons with past model-scale tests, in: 9th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit, 2003, p. 3232.
  10. Research at DLR towards airframe noise prediction and reduction, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 12 (2008) 80–90. doi:10.1016/j.ast.2007.10.014.
  11. A. Filippone, Aircraft noise prediction, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 68 (2014) 27–63. doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2014.02.001.
  12. J. Quest, ETW - high quality test performance in cryogenic environment, AIAA-2000-2260, 21st Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference (2000).
  13. R. Paryz, Upgrades at the NASA langley research center national transonic facility, in: 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. doi:10.2514/6.2012-102.
  14. T. Ahlefeldt, Microphone array measurement in european transonic wind tunnel at flight Reynolds numbers, AIAA J. 55 (2017) 28–48. doi:10.2514/1.J055262.
  15. C. Spehr, T. Ahlefeldt, Comparison of microphone array measurements in the closed test section of LSWT and ETW, CEAS Aeronaut 10 (2019) 267–285.
  16. A review of acoustic imaging methods using phased microphone arrays, CEAS Aeronaut 10 (2019) 197–230. doi:10.1007/s13272-019-00383-4.
  17. J. R. Underbrink, Aeroacoustic phased array testing in low speed wind tunnels, in: T. J. Mueller (Ed.), Aeroacoustic Measurements, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2002, pp. 98–217. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05058-3_3.
  18. H. P. Franz, The half-model technique in the wind tunnel and its employment in the development of the airbus family, NASA Technical Reports (1982).
  19. O. Meyer, W. Nitsche, Update on progress in adaptive wind tunnel wall technology, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 40 (2004) 119–141. doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2004.02.001.
  20. Expert decision support system for aeroacoustic source type identification using clustering, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 151 (2022) 1259–1276. doi:10.1121/10.0009322.
  21. E. Sarradj, Three-dimensional acoustic source mapping with different beamforming steering vector formulations, Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2012 (2012) 1–12. doi:10.1155/2012/292695.
  22. Weighted data spaces for correlation-based array imaging in experimental aeroacoustics, JSV 494 (2021) 115878. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115878.
  23. P. Sijtsma, CLEAN based on spatial source coherence, Int. J. Aeroacoustics 6 (2007) 357–374. doi:10.1260/147547207783359459.
  24. Airframe noise characteristics of a 4.7 percent scale DC-10 model, in: 3rd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, 1997, p. 1594.
  25. C. J. Bahr, Toward relating open- and closed-test section microphone phased array aeroacoustic measurements, in: AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum, 2021. doi:10.2514/6.2021-2127.
  26. Automatic source localization and spectra generation from sparse beamforming maps, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150 (2021) 1866–1882. doi:10.1121/10.0005885.
  27. D. Quinlan, M. Krane, Aeroacoustic source identification using frequency dependent velocity scaling, in: Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA and CEAS, State College,PA,USA, 1996. doi:10.2514/6.1996-1743.
  28. Y. P. Guo, M. C. Joshi, Noise characteristics of aircraft high lift systems, AIAA J. 41 (2003) 1247–1256. doi:10.2514/2.2093.
  29. Airframe noise study of a bombardier CRJ-700 aircraft model in the NASA Ames 7-by 10-foot wind tunnel, Int. J. Aeroacoustics 3 (2004) 1–42. doi:10.1260/147547204323022248.
  30. W. Dobrzynski, Almost 40 years of airframe noise research: What did we achieve?, J. Aircr. 47 (2010) 353–367. doi:10.2514/1.44457.
  31. M. J. Lighthill, On sound generated aerodynamically i. General theory, Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 211 (1952) 564–587. doi:10.1098/rspa.1952.0060.
  32. T. Ahlefeldt, Aeroacoustic measurements of a scaled half-model at high reynolds numbers, AIAA J. 51 (2013) 2783–2791. doi:10.2514/1.J052345.
  33. Identification of flap side-edge two-source mechanism based on phased arrays, AIAA J. 60 (2022) 249–260. doi:10.2514/1.J060377.
  34. SPOD analysis of noise-generating rossiter modes in a slat with and without a bulb seal, J. Fluid Mech. 915 (2021) A67. doi:10.1017/jfm.2021.93.
  35. X. Gloerfelt, Cavity noise, in: VKI lectures: Aerodynamic Noise from Wall-Bounded Flows, Von Karman Institute, 2009.
  36. Y. Guo, Slat noise modeling and prediction, JSV 331 (2012) 3567–3586. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2012.03.016.
  37. J. E. Ffowcs Williams, L. H. Hall, Aerodynamic sound generation by turbulent flow in the vicinity of a scattering half plane, J. Fluid Mech. 40 (1970) 657–670. doi:10.1017/S0022112070000368.
  38. Investigation of the unsteady flow and noise generation in a slat cove, AIAA J. 54 (2016) 469–489. doi:10.2514/1.J053479.
  39. Experimental investigation of spectral broadening of sound waves by wind tunnel shear layers, in: 19th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. doi:10.2514/6.2013-2255.
  40. W. Dobrzynski, M. Pott-Pollenske, Slat noise source studies for farfield noise prediction, in: 7th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit, 2001. doi:10.2514/6.2001-2158.
  41. C. K. W. Tam, P. J. W. Block, On the tones and pressure oscillations induced by flow over rectangular cavities, J. Fluid Mech. 89 (1978) 373–399. doi:10.1017/S0022112078002657.
  42. S. Kröber, L. Koop, Comparison of microphone array measurements of an airfoil with high-lift devices in open and closed wind tunnels, in: 17th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (32nd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), 2011. doi:10.2514/6.2011-2721.
Citations (4)
View on Semantic Scholar

Summary

No one has generated a summary of this paper yet.

Ai Sparkles Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Sign Up to Summarize

Paper to Video (Beta)

Whiteboard

No one has generated a whiteboard explanation for this paper yet.

Ai Sparkles Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Sign Up to Generate

Open Problems

We haven't generated a list of open problems mentioned in this paper yet.

Ai Sparkles Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Generate Now

Continue Learning

We haven't generated follow-up questions for this paper yet.

Ai Sparkles Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Generate Now

Collections

Sign up for free to add this paper to one or more collections.

User Circle Single Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Sign Up