A topological gap theorem for the $π_2$-systole of positive scalar curvature 3-manifolds

Abstract: Let $M$ be a closed orientable 3-manifold with scalar curvature greater than or equal to 1. If $M$ has nonvanishing second homotopy group, then it is known that the $\pi_2$-systole of $M$ (i.e. the minimal achievable area of homotopically nontrivial spheres) is at most $8\pi$. We prove the following gap theorem: if $M$ is further not a quotient of $S^2\times S<sup>1$, then the $\pi_2$-systole of $M$ is no greater than an improved constant $c\approx 5.44\pi$. This statement follows as a new topological application of Huisken and Ilmanen's weak inverse mean curvature flow.