Nonparametric empirical Bayes biomarker imputation and estimation

Abstract: Biomarkers are often measured in bulk to diagnose patients, monitor patient conditions, and research novel drug pathways. The measurement of these biomarkers often suffers from detection limits that result in missing and untrustworthy measurements. Frequently, missing biomarkers are imputed so that down-stream analysis can be conducted with modern statistical methods that cannot normally handle data subject to informative censoring. This work develops an empirical Bayes $g$-modeling method for imputing and denoising biomarker measurements. We establish superior estimation properties compared to popular methods in simulations and demonstrate the utility of the estimated biomarker measurements for down-stream analysis.