The mod 2 Seiberg-Witten invariants of spin structures and spin families

Abstract: We completely determine the mod $2$ Seiberg-Witten invariants for any spin structure on any closed, oriented, smooth $4$-manifold $X$. Our computation confirms the validity of the simple type conjecture mod $2$ for spin structures. Our proof also works for families of spin $4$-manifolds and thus computes the mod $2$ Seiberg-Witten invariants for spin families. The proof of our main result uses $Pin(2)$-symmetry to define an enhancement of the mod $2$ Seiberg-Witten invariants. We prove a connected sum formula for the enhanced invariant using localisation in equivariant cohomology. Unlike the usual Seiberg-Witten invariant, the enhanced invariant does not vanish on taking connected sums and by exploiting this property, we are able to compute the enhanced invariant.