Propagator and transfer matrices, Marchenko focusing functions and their mutual relations

Abstract: Many seismic imaging methods use wave field extrapolation operators to redatum sources and receivers from the surface into the subsurface. We discuss wave field extrapolation operators that account for internal multiple reflections, in particular propagator matrices, transfer matrices and Marchenko focusing functions. A propagator matrix is a square matrix that propagates' a wave-field vector from one depth level to another. It accounts for primaries and multiples and holds for propagating and evanescent waves. A Marchenko focusing function is a wave field that focuses at a designated point in space at zero time. Marchenko focusing functions are useful for retrieving the wave field inside a heterogeneous medium from the reflection response at its surface. By expressing these focusing functions in terms of the propagator matrix, the usual approximations (such as ignoring evanescent waves) are avoided. While a propagator matrix acts on the full wave-field vector, a transfer matrix (according to the definition employed in this paper)transfers' a decomposed wave-field vector (containing downgoing and upgoing waves) from one depth level to another. It can be expressed in terms of decomposed Marchenko focusing functions. We present propagator matrices, transfer matrices and Marchenko focusing functions in a consistent way and discuss their mutual relations. In the main text we consider the acoustic situation and in the appendices we discuss other wave phenomena. Understanding these mutual connections may lead to new developments of Marchenko theory and its applications in wave field focusing, Green's function retrieval and imaging.