Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter That Involves Composites

Abstract: By improving the Bose-Einstein condensate model of dark matter through the repulsive three-particle interaction to better reproduce observables such as rotation curves, both different thermodynamic phases and few-particle correlations are revealed. Using the numerically found solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for averaging the products of local densities and for calculating thermodynamic functions at zero temperature, it is shown that the few-particle correlations imply a first-order phase transition and are reduced to the product of single-particle averages with a simultaneous increase in pressure, density, and quantum fluctuations. Under given conditions, dark matter exhibits rather the properties of an ideal gas with an effective temperature determined by quantum fluctuations. Characteristics of oscillations between bound and unbound states of three particles are estimated within a simple random walk approach to qualitatively models the instability of particle complexes. On the other hand, the density-dependent conditions for the formation of composites are analyzed using chemical kinetics without specifying the bonds formed. The obtain results can be extended to the models of multicomponent dark matter consisting of composites formed by particles with a large scattering length.