A geometric approach to inequalities for the Hilbert--Schmidt norm

Abstract: We define angle $\Theta_{X,Y}$ between non-zero Hilbert--Schmidt operators $X$ and $Y$ by $$\cos\Theta_{<em>{X,Y}} = \frac{{\rm Re}{\rm Tr}(Y^*X)}{{|X|}</em>{<em>2}{|Y|}</em>{<em>2}}$$, and give some of its essentially properties. It is shown, among other things, that \begin{align*} \big|\cos\Theta{{X,Y}}\big|\leq \min\left{\sqrt{\cos\Theta{{|X^|,|Y^|}}}, \sqrt{\cos\Theta{{|X|,|Y|}}}\right}. \end{align*} It enables us to provide alternative proof of some well-known inequalities for the Hilbert--Schmidt norm. In particular, we apply this inequality to prove Lee's conjecture [Linear Algebra Appl. 433 (2010), no.~3, 580--584] as follows \begin{align*} {\big|X + Y\big|}{2} \leq \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2} + 1}{2}}\,{\big|\,|X| + |Y|\,\big|}{_2}. \end{align*} A numerical example is presented to show the constant $\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2} + 1}{2}}$ is smallest possible. Other related inequalities for the Hilbert--Schmidt norm are also considered.