Free polynilpotent groups and the Magnus property

Abstract: Motivated by a classic result for free groups, one says that a group $G$ has the Magnus property if the following holds: whenever two elements generate the same normal subgroup of $G$, they are conjugate or inverse-conjugate in $G$. It is a natural problem to find out which relatively free groups display the Magnus property. We prove that a free polynilpotent group of any given class row has the Magnus property if and only if it is nilpotent of class at most $2$. For this purpose we explore the Magnus property more generally in soluble groups, and we produce new techniques, both for establishing and for disproving the property. We also prove that a free centre-by-(polynilpotent of given class row) group has the Magnus property if and only if it is nilpotent of class at most $2$. On the way, we display $2$-generated nilpotent groups (with non-trivial torsion) of any prescribed nilpotency class with the Magnus property. Similar examples of finitely generated, torsion-free nilpotent groups are hard to come by, but we construct a $4$-generated, torsion-free, class-$3$ nilpotent group of Hirsch length $9$ with the Magnus property. Furthermore, using a weak variant of the Magnus property and an ultraproduct construction, we establish the existence of metabelian, torsion-free, nilpotent groups of any prescribed nilpotency class with the Magnus property.