Bitangents to plane quartics via tropical geometry: rationality, $\mathbb{A}^1$-enumeration, and real signed count

Abstract: We explore extensions of tropical methods to arithmetic enumerative problems such as $\mathbb{A}^1$-enumeration with values in the Grothendieck-Witt ring, and rationality over Henselian valued fields, using bitangents to plane quartics as a test case. We consider quartic curves over valued fields whose tropicalizations are smooth and satisfy a mild genericity condition. We then express obstructions to rationality of bitangents and their points of tangency in terms of twisting of edges of the tropicalization; the latter depends only on the tropicalization and the initial coefficients of the defining equation modulo squares. We also show that the GW-multiplicity of a tropical bitangent, i.e., the multiplicity with which its lifts contribute to the $\mathbb{A}^1$-enumeration of bitangents as defined by Larson and Vogt, can be computed from the tropicalization of the quartic together with the initial coefficients of the defining equation. As an application, we show that the four lifts of most tropical bitangent classes contribute $2\mathbb{H}$, twice the class of the hyperbolic plane, to the $\mathbb{A}^1$-enumeration. These results rely on a degeneration theorem relating the Grothendieck-Witt ring of a Henselian valued field to the Grothendieck-Witt ring of its residue field, in residue characteristic not equal to two.