Study of water Cherenkov detector design for ground-based gamma-ray experiments

Abstract: In the framework of the development of the SWGO experiment we have performed a detailed study of the single unit of an extensive air shower observatory based on an array of water Cherenkov detectors. Indeed, one of the possible water Cherenkov detector unit configurations for SWGO consists of tanks, and to reach a high detection efficiency and discrimination capability between gamma-ray and hadronic air showers, different tank designs are under investigation. In this study, we considered double-layer tanks with several sizes, shapes and number of photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs). Muons, electrons, and gamma-rays with energies typical of secondary particles in extensive air showers have been simulated entering the tanks with zenith angles from 0 to 60 degrees. The tank response was evaluated considering the number of photoelectrons produced by the PMTs, the detection efficiency, and the time resolution of the measurement of the first photon. This analysis allowed to compare the performance of tanks with different size, configuration of PMTs, and with circular, hexagonal and square geometry. The method used and the results will be discussed in this paper.